Endo 1 Flashcards
General Endocrinology
How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?
it is slower but longer lasting
What are the three general things that hormones regulate?
- maintenance of homeostasis
- Growth and differentiation
- reproduction
What are the specialized endocrine glands?
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-adrenal gland
-pineal gland
What are some organs that secrete hormones but their primary function is not endocrine regulation?
-hypothalamus
-skin
-adipose tissue
-thymus
-heart
-liver
-stomach
-pancreas
-small intestine
-kidney
-gonads
What are the three classes of hormones?
-proteins and polypeptide hormones
-steroids
-amine
Where are protein/polypeptide hormones made?
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and pacrease
How are protein/polypeptide proteins made?
made first as a preprohormones
-then converted into prohormones
-prohormone is then cleaved into active hormone and inactive fragments
Where are steroid hormones made in?
adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes
What is the precursor of all steroid hormones?
cholesterol
What are amine hormones derived from?
tyrosine
What type of hormones are amine hormones?
thyroid hormones and adrenal medullary neurohormones
What do thyroid hormones bind to?
thyroglobin
Are epinephrine and norpepinephrine stored?
yes, they are made and then stored in vesicles until they are needed
How do amine, peptides, and protein hormones circulate?
freelyt
How do steroid and thyroid hormones circulate?
bound to specific transport proteins
Is the bound or free version of the protein active?
the free version
Where are most binding proteins made?
in the liver
What determines the location of the hormone receptor?
the properties of the hormone
Where are lipophobic hormone receptors?
the plasma membrane
Where are lipophilic hormone receptors?
in the nucleus
Are receptors on the plasma membrane or on the nucleus faster?
plasma membrane
What are the four types of plasma membrane hormone receptors?
- G protein coupled receptors
- tyrosine kinase
-serine kinase
-cytokine
What is the function of nuclear receptors?
increase or decrease gene expression
What are the three different hormone interactions?
antagonism
synergistic
permissive
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets
Where is thyrotropin hormone released from?
hypothalamus
Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from?
anterior pituitary
Where is thyroid hormone released from?
follicular cells of thyroid gland
What are primary endocrine disorders?
abnormalities in the last endocrine organ secreting the hormone leading to either hypo or hyper secretion
What can cause primary endocrine disorders?
-partial destruction of gland
-dietary deficiency
-enzyme deficiency requires for hormone synthesis
What can a tumor in the endocrine gland cause?
primary hypersecretion
What are secondary endocrine disorders?
abnormalities in tropic hormone leading to either hypo or hyper section
What does a lack of sufficient tropic hormone cause?
secondary hyposecretion
What does a tumor that leads to increase secretion of tropic hormones cause?:
secondary hypersecretion
Levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in primary hypersecretion?
-low CRH
-Low ACTH
-high cortisol
Levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in secondary hypersecretion?:
-low CRH
-excess ACTH
-excess cortisol
Is TSH high or low in primary hyperthyroidism?
low (the negative feedback of increased cortisol would cause a decrease in TSH)
Is TSH high or low in secondary hyperthyroidism?
high (secondary due to increase in tropic hormone , in this case TSH)
Is TSH high or low in primary hypothyroidism?
high (decrease in cortisol would try to increase by releasing more TSH)
Is TSH high or low in secondary hypothyroidism?
low (messed up anterior pituitary would not secrete enough TSH, to allow for making of enough cortisol)
What are the diagnostic tests for endocrine function?
-plasma hormone levels
-autoantibodies tests
-urine hormone or hormone metabolite levels
-stimulation tests by administration of tropic or stimulating hormone
-suppression tests when hyperfunction of an endocrine organ is suspected
-measurement of hormone receptor presence, number and affinity
-imagining
