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Physiology Exam 2 > Endo 1 > Flashcards

Endo 1 Flashcards

General Endocrinology

1
Q

How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?

A

it is slower but longer lasting

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2
Q

What are the three general things that hormones regulate?

A
  1. maintenance of homeostasis
  2. Growth and differentiation
  3. reproduction
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3
Q

What are the specialized endocrine glands?

A

-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-adrenal gland
-pineal gland

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4
Q

What are some organs that secrete hormones but their primary function is not endocrine regulation?

A

-hypothalamus
-skin
-adipose tissue
-thymus
-heart
-liver
-stomach
-pancreas
-small intestine
-kidney
-gonads

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5
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A

-proteins and polypeptide hormones
-steroids
-amine

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6
Q

Where are protein/polypeptide hormones made?

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and pacrease

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7
Q

How are protein/polypeptide proteins made?

A

made first as a preprohormones
-then converted into prohormones
-prohormone is then cleaved into active hormone and inactive fragments

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8
Q

Where are steroid hormones made in?

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes

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9
Q

What is the precursor of all steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

What type of hormones are amine hormones?

A

thyroid hormones and adrenal medullary neurohormones

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12
Q

What do thyroid hormones bind to?

A

thyroglobin

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13
Q

Are epinephrine and norpepinephrine stored?

A

yes, they are made and then stored in vesicles until they are needed

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14
Q

How do amine, peptides, and protein hormones circulate?

A

freelyt

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15
Q

How do steroid and thyroid hormones circulate?

A

bound to specific transport proteins

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16
Q

Is the bound or free version of the protein active?

A

the free version

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17
Q

Where are most binding proteins made?

A

in the liver

18
Q

What determines the location of the hormone receptor?

A

the properties of the hormone

19
Q

Where are lipophobic hormone receptors?

A

the plasma membrane

20
Q

Where are lipophilic hormone receptors?

A

in the nucleus

21
Q

Are receptors on the plasma membrane or on the nucleus faster?

A

plasma membrane

22
Q

What are the four types of plasma membrane hormone receptors?

A
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • tyrosine kinase
    -serine kinase
    -cytokine
23
Q

What is the function of nuclear receptors?

A

increase or decrease gene expression

24
Q

What are the three different hormone interactions?

A

antagonism
synergistic
permissive

25
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets

26
Q

Where is thyrotropin hormone released from?

A

hypothalamus

27
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from?

A

anterior pituitary

28
Q

Where is thyroid hormone released from?

A

follicular cells of thyroid gland

29
Q

What are primary endocrine disorders?

A

abnormalities in the last endocrine organ secreting the hormone leading to either hypo or hyper secretion

30
Q

What can cause primary endocrine disorders?

A

-partial destruction of gland
-dietary deficiency
-enzyme deficiency requires for hormone synthesis

31
Q

What can a tumor in the endocrine gland cause?

A

primary hypersecretion

32
Q

What are secondary endocrine disorders?

A

abnormalities in tropic hormone leading to either hypo or hyper section

33
Q

What does a lack of sufficient tropic hormone cause?

A

secondary hyposecretion

34
Q

What does a tumor that leads to increase secretion of tropic hormones cause?:

A

secondary hypersecretion

35
Q

Levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in primary hypersecretion?

A

-low CRH
-Low ACTH
-high cortisol

36
Q

Levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in secondary hypersecretion?:

A

-low CRH
-excess ACTH
-excess cortisol

37
Q

Is TSH high or low in primary hyperthyroidism?

A

low (the negative feedback of increased cortisol would cause a decrease in TSH)

38
Q

Is TSH high or low in secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

high (secondary due to increase in tropic hormone , in this case TSH)

39
Q

Is TSH high or low in primary hypothyroidism?

A

high (decrease in cortisol would try to increase by releasing more TSH)

40
Q

Is TSH high or low in secondary hypothyroidism?

A

low (messed up anterior pituitary would not secrete enough TSH, to allow for making of enough cortisol)

41
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for endocrine function?

A

-plasma hormone levels
-autoantibodies tests
-urine hormone or hormone metabolite levels
-stimulation tests by administration of tropic or stimulating hormone
-suppression tests when hyperfunction of an endocrine organ is suspected
-measurement of hormone receptor presence, number and affinity
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Physiology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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