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Module 2- Medical Sciences > Endicrinology- Introduction to Medical Sciences > Flashcards

Endicrinology- Introduction to Medical Sciences Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

A

Thyroid

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2
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A
  • 2 interconnected lobes
  • rich blood supply
  • contains 20-30 million follicles as functional unit
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3
Q

What are thyroid follicles?

A
  • single layer of epithelial cells (thyrocytes) around lumen
  • Viscous proteinaceous colloid= secreted granules contain mainly thyroglobulin; store thyroid hormones (TH)
  • Basement membrane surrounds follicle
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4
Q

Where are 99 percent of thyroid hormones bound?

A

on protein (TBG)- THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN

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5
Q

What is the equilibrium that is maintained by TH- binding proteins\?

A

T3 + TBG = T3 - TBG

= Is equilibrium sign

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6
Q

What is Goitre?

A

swelling of the thyroid due to iron deficiency

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7
Q

What are the thyrocyte functions controlled by?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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8
Q

How does regulation of thyroid hormone secretion occur?

A

1) Stimulation TSH transcription by TRH
2) Effect TSH on TH synthesis and secretion
3) Feedback by TH on pituitary and hypothalamus (negative feedback)
4) Pit: Deiodinase convert T4 to T3 which via TR causes decrease in TSH transcription
5) Hypo: TH decrease transcription TRH mRNA again via TR

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9
Q

What increases TSH production? check panopto

A

TRH
Cold
Stress

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10
Q 
Within 
-2-10 minutes
-2-15 hours
-days 
 of the production of TSH what increases?
A
  • cAMP
  • Endocytosis of thyroglobulin
  • T4 and T3 secretion

Iodine uptake
thyroglobulin synthesis
thyroid peroxidase synthesis
Na+/I-symporter synthesis

Mitogenesis
gland size

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11
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
weight loss 
tachycardia 
bulging eyes
nervous/anxious 
insomnia 
intolerance to heat
goitre
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12
Q

What is Graves’ diseases?

A
  • autoimmune disease with circulating antibodies to TSH receptor
  • antibodies activate TSH-R= continual stimulation
  • no feedback regulation of antibodies
  • unrestrained synthesis of T4
  • growth thyroid tissue (goitre)
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13
Q

How can you treat hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Inhibit TH synthesis

- destruction of excess thyroid tissue- surgery or radioactive iodine

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
thinning hair
puffy face
dry skin
constipation 
cool extremities 
swelling of limbs
weight gain 
poor memory
infertility 
enlarged thyroid
slow heartbeat
poor appetite
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15
Q

How can you treat hypothyroidism?

A

thyroxine replacement

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16
Q

What inhibits TSH production?

A

Dopamine

Somatostatin

Module 2- Medical Sciences (15 decks)

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