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MIP > End term > Flashcards

End term Flashcards

1
Q

What is the option value?

A

The valuation of the opportunity to use a transport mode or piece of infrastructure in the future, that is not being used in the present, or the option of access to a destination that is not visited currently. So, the valuation of a plan B mode choice in case the primary mode choice is unavailable (for example: public transport when a car is being repaired).

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2
Q

Hard policy measures

A

Punish, force, maintain

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3
Q

Soft policy measures

A

Guide, inform, tempt, award

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4
Q

The elements of the behaviour analysis framework

A

Abilities
Circumstances
Motives
Choice process

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5
Q

What are the 5 questions of the behaviour analysis framework?

A

What is the policy problem?
How can behaviour be explained?
Which behaviour determinants are relevant?
Which policy strategies will be effective?
What policy instruments are available and appropriate?

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6
Q

What are the 5 behavioural policy strategies?

A

S1 Changing costs and benefits
S2 Reduce cognitive efforts
S3 Information and feedback on costs/benefits
S4 Take advantage of desire for consistency
S5 Social influence strategies

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7
Q

Explain S1 changing costs and benefits

A

Stimulates people through extrinsic motivation to act on biospheric factors

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8
Q

Examples of S1 changing costs and benefits

A

congestion charging
rewards
speed bumps
force
infrastructure

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9
Q

Explain S2 reducing cognitive efforts

A

Anticipates hedonic and/or altruistic values

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10
Q

Examples of S2 reducing cognitive efforts

A

self driving cars
make it attractive
nudging

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11
Q

Explain S3 Information and feedback

A

Acts on egoistic and/or biospheric values by giving information about costs/benefits/environmental impacts

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12
Q

Examples of S3

A

smart metre
real time traffic info
(general information, public informatino campaigns, targeted, place-specific information)

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13
Q

Explain S4 Utilise people’s desire for consistency

A

Acts on egoistic and/or biospheric values

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14
Q

Examples of S4

A

apps on smartphones that count no. of steps

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15
Q

Explain S5 social influence strategies

A

Provide information, or have role models, who show they act: they are making the different choice, influencing others to do the same

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16
Q

Examples of S5

A

fashion show for people hit by train
personal stories (role models)
(act mostly on the social part)

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17
Q

Name the 3 D’s

A

Density
Diversity
Design

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18
Q

Name the 2 D’s that were added later

A

Distance (to transit)
Destination (accessibility)

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19
Q

Name examples that apply the 5 D’s

A

New Urbanism
TOD
10 or 15 minute city
Smart growth
Compact cities
Multimodality

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20
Q

Explain TAD

A

There is an intention to achieve TOD, but it does not quite get there. Key elements are not properly embedded (for example bus stops placed in a impractical way)

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21
Q

Give the differences between TAD and TOD

A

Low vs High densities
Surface vs Underground parking
Limited/no pedestrian access vs Pedestrian focused design
Limited/no bicycle parking vs Bicycle access+parking
Segregated land-uses vs Mixed land-uses

22
Q

Name the potential TOD planning issues:

A

Conflicting sectoral policies
Unclear responsibility and hierarchical structure (who is in charge?)
Lack of (long-term) political and societal support
Unclear financial supporting structures, PPP
Fragmentation of decision making
Lack of urgency (demand driven?)

23
Q

What are the two underlying principles of conventional transport planning?

A

Travel as a derived demand
Travel cost minimisation

24
Q

Explain travel as a derived demand

A

The value of the activity at the destination is why people travel. Not for the trip itself

25
Q

Explain travel cost minimisation

A

People aim to minimise their generalised costs: actual costs of travel and the time, effort, etc.

26
Q

Principles of sustainability paradigm

A

Best use of technology (including investment to direct industry)
Regulation and pricing to reflect external costs
Integrated land-use development (shorter travel distances)
Targeted personal information

27
Q

Explain policy packaging

A

It describes a combination of individual policies and measures that strengthen each other (wrong ex. public transport improvements while also improving road infrastructure)

28
Q

Explain positive-loop tendencies

A

Local policy makers use government grants to help counter anti- car use reduction arguments

29
Q

What is horizontal LUTI

A

takes place between regional government(s)

30
Q

What is vertical LUTI

A

takes place between regional and local government(s)

31
Q

What is the Weberian model

A

Describes that public sector is divided into:
- Bureaucratic government
- Clearly delineated responsibilities
- Hierarchical sector-oriented division of tasks

32
Q

Name the five types of resources in policy integration

A

Financial
Production
Competency
Knowledge
Legitimacy

33
Q

Explain financial resources

A

money and budgets. not just financing policy solutions, but also the transaction costs of the decision-making process

34
Q

Explain production resources

A

actual (physical) realisation of solutions, policies, and services

35
Q

Explain competency resources

A

juridical authority to make certain decisions (ownership/responsibility)

36
Q

Explain knowledge resources

A

documents with information and/or implicit knowledge from actors

37
Q

Explain legitimacy resources

A

weight added to a project or policy initiative following the support of political bodies, the media or citizens

38
Q

What are the two focuses on LUTI

A

Strategic orientation: land use/transport policy integration (formation)
Operational in nature: land use/transport project integration (implementation)

39
Q

What are substantive instruments

A

Make direct use of government resources to direct behaviour. Ex.:
Financial (subsidies, loans)
Competence (regulation, licenses)
Knowledge (advice, training)

40
Q

What are procedural instruments

A

Indirectly “guide or steer policy processes”. Ex.:
providing information, designing overarching strategies, in-/excluding policy-makers in decision-making

41
Q

What are the two uncertainties regarding the future of the transport system?

A

Level of automation
Degree of sharing car ownership and trips

42
Q

What are the six levels of automation?

A

Human driver monitoring:
0: no automation
1: driver assistance
2: partial automation
Driving system monitoring:
3: conditional automation
4: high automation
5: full automation

43
Q

Example of level 0

A

lane departure warning

44
Q

Example of level 1

A

adaptive cruise control

45
Q

Example of level 2

A

parking assistance

46
Q

Example of level 3

A

highway chauffeur

47
Q

Example of level 4

A

parking garage pilot

48
Q

Example of level 5

A

robot taxi

49
Q

What are the two types of sharing

A

Car sharing
Ride sharing

50
Q

What are the five potential scenarios of the future of the transport system?

A

1: Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
2: Fully automated private luxury
3: Letting go on highways
4: Multimodal and shared automation

MIP (1 decks)

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