End term Flashcards by Einar Thieme

What is the option value?

The valuation of the opportunity to use a transport mode or piece of infrastructure in the future, that is not being used in the present, or the option of access to a destination that is not visited currently. So, the valuation of a plan B mode choice in case the primary mode choice is unavailable (for example: public transport when a car is being repaired).

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Hard policy measures

Punish, force, maintain

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Soft policy measures

Guide, inform, tempt, award

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The elements of the behaviour analysis framework

Abilities
Circumstances
Motives
Choice process

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What are the 5 questions of the behaviour analysis framework?

What is the policy problem?
How can behaviour be explained?
Which behaviour determinants are relevant?
Which policy strategies will be effective?
What policy instruments are available and appropriate?

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What are the 5 behavioural policy strategies?

S1 Changing costs and benefits
S2 Reduce cognitive efforts
S3 Information and feedback on costs/benefits
S4 Take advantage of desire for consistency
S5 Social influence strategies

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Explain S1 changing costs and benefits

Stimulates people through extrinsic motivation to act on biospheric factors

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Examples of S1 changing costs and benefits

congestion charging
rewards
speed bumps
force
infrastructure

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Explain S2 reducing cognitive efforts

Anticipates hedonic and/or altruistic values

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Examples of S2 reducing cognitive efforts

self driving cars
make it attractive
nudging

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Explain S3 Information and feedback

Acts on egoistic and/or biospheric values by giving information about costs/benefits/environmental impacts

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Examples of S3

smart metre
real time traffic info
(general information, public informatino campaigns, targeted, place-specific information)

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Explain S4 Utilise people’s desire for consistency

Acts on egoistic and/or biospheric values

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Examples of S4

apps on smartphones that count no. of steps

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Explain S5 social influence strategies

Provide information, or have role models, who show they act: they are making the different choice, influencing others to do the same

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Examples of S5

fashion show for people hit by train
personal stories (role models)
(act mostly on the social part)

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Name the 3 D’s

Density
Diversity
Design

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Name the 2 D’s that were added later

Distance (to transit)
Destination (accessibility)

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Name examples that apply the 5 D’s

New Urbanism
TOD
10 or 15 minute city
Smart growth
Compact cities
Multimodality

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Explain TAD

There is an intention to achieve TOD, but it does not quite get there. Key elements are not properly embedded (for example bus stops placed in a impractical way)

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Give the differences between TAD and TOD

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Low vs High densities
Surface vs Underground parking
Limited/no pedestrian access vs Pedestrian focused design
Limited/no bicycle parking vs Bicycle access+parking
Segregated land-uses vs Mixed land-uses

Name the potential TOD planning issues:

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Conflicting sectoral policies
Unclear responsibility and hierarchical structure (who is in charge?)
Lack of (long-term) political and societal support
Unclear financial supporting structures, PPP
Fragmentation of decision making
Lack of urgency (demand driven?)

What are the two underlying principles of conventional transport planning?

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Travel as a derived demand
Travel cost minimisation

Explain travel as a derived demand

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The value of the activity at the destination is why people travel. Not for the trip itself

Explain travel cost minimisation

People aim to minimise their generalised costs: actual costs of travel and the time, effort, etc.

Principles of sustainability paradigm

Best use of technology (including investment to direct industry) Regulation and pricing to reflect external costs Integrated land-use development (shorter travel distances) Targeted personal information

Explain policy packaging

It describes a combination of individual policies and measures that strengthen each other (wrong ex. public transport improvements while also improving road infrastructure)

Explain positive-loop tendencies

Local policy makers use government grants to help counter anti- car use reduction arguments

What is horizontal LUTI

takes place between regional government(s)

What is vertical LUTI

takes place between regional and local government(s)

What is the Weberian model

Describes that public sector is divided into: - Bureaucratic government - Clearly delineated responsibilities - Hierarchical sector-oriented division of tasks

Name the five types of resources in policy integration

Financial Production Competency Knowledge Legitimacy

Explain financial resources

money and budgets. not just financing policy solutions, but also the transaction costs of the decision-making process

Explain production resources

actual (physical) realisation of solutions, policies, and services

Explain competency resources

juridical authority to make certain decisions (ownership/responsibility)

Explain knowledge resources

documents with information and/or implicit knowledge from actors

Explain legitimacy resources

weight added to a project or policy initiative following the support of political bodies, the media or citizens

What are the two focuses on LUTI

Strategic orientation: land use/transport policy integration (formation) Operational in nature: land use/transport project integration (implementation)

What are substantive instruments

Make direct use of government resources to direct behaviour. Ex.: Financial (subsidies, loans) Competence (regulation, licenses) Knowledge (advice, training)

What are procedural instruments

Indirectly "guide or steer policy processes". Ex.: providing information, designing overarching strategies, in-/excluding policy-makers in decision-making

What are the two uncertainties regarding the future of the transport system?

Level of automation Degree of sharing car ownership and trips

What are the six levels of automation?

Human driver monitoring: 0: no automation 1: driver assistance 2: partial automation Driving system monitoring: 3: conditional automation 4: high automation 5: full automation

Example of level 0

lane departure warning

Example of level 1

adaptive cruise control

Example of level 2

parking assistance

Example of level 3

highway chauffeur

Example of level 4

parking garage pilot

Example of level 5

robot taxi

What are the two types of sharing

Car sharing Ride sharing

What are the five potential scenarios of the future of the transport system?

1: Mobility as a Service (MaaS) 2: Fully automated private luxury 3: Letting go on highways 4: Multimodal and shared automation

End term Flashcards

(50 cards)