End term Flashcards
What is the option value?
The valuation of the opportunity to use a transport mode or piece of infrastructure in the future, that is not being used in the present, or the option of access to a destination that is not visited currently. So, the valuation of a plan B mode choice in case the primary mode choice is unavailable (for example: public transport when a car is being repaired).
Hard policy measures
Punish, force, maintain
Soft policy measures
Guide, inform, tempt, award
The elements of the behaviour analysis framework
Abilities
Circumstances
Motives
Choice process
What are the 5 questions of the behaviour analysis framework?
What is the policy problem?
How can behaviour be explained?
Which behaviour determinants are relevant?
Which policy strategies will be effective?
What policy instruments are available and appropriate?
What are the 5 behavioural policy strategies?
S1 Changing costs and benefits
S2 Reduce cognitive efforts
S3 Information and feedback on costs/benefits
S4 Take advantage of desire for consistency
S5 Social influence strategies
Explain S1 changing costs and benefits
Stimulates people through extrinsic motivation to act on biospheric factors
Examples of S1 changing costs and benefits
congestion charging
rewards
speed bumps
force
infrastructure
Explain S2 reducing cognitive efforts
Anticipates hedonic and/or altruistic values
Examples of S2 reducing cognitive efforts
self driving cars
make it attractive
nudging
Explain S3 Information and feedback
Acts on egoistic and/or biospheric values by giving information about costs/benefits/environmental impacts
Examples of S3
smart metre
real time traffic info
(general information, public informatino campaigns, targeted, place-specific information)
Explain S4 Utilise people’s desire for consistency
Acts on egoistic and/or biospheric values
Examples of S4
apps on smartphones that count no. of steps
Explain S5 social influence strategies
Provide information, or have role models, who show they act: they are making the different choice, influencing others to do the same
Examples of S5
fashion show for people hit by train
personal stories (role models)
(act mostly on the social part)
Name the 3 D’s
Density
Diversity
Design
Name the 2 D’s that were added later
Distance (to transit)
Destination (accessibility)
Name examples that apply the 5 D’s
New Urbanism
TOD
10 or 15 minute city
Smart growth
Compact cities
Multimodality
Explain TAD
There is an intention to achieve TOD, but it does not quite get there. Key elements are not properly embedded (for example bus stops placed in a impractical way)
Give the differences between TAD and TOD
Low vs High densities
Surface vs Underground parking
Limited/no pedestrian access vs Pedestrian focused design
Limited/no bicycle parking vs Bicycle access+parking
Segregated land-uses vs Mixed land-uses
Name the potential TOD planning issues:
Conflicting sectoral policies
Unclear responsibility and hierarchical structure (who is in charge?)
Lack of (long-term) political and societal support
Unclear financial supporting structures, PPP
Fragmentation of decision making
Lack of urgency (demand driven?)
What are the two underlying principles of conventional transport planning?
Travel as a derived demand
Travel cost minimisation
Explain travel as a derived demand
The value of the activity at the destination is why people travel. Not for the trip itself
Explain travel cost minimisation
People aim to minimise their generalised costs: actual costs of travel and the time, effort, etc.
Principles of sustainability paradigm
Best use of technology (including investment to direct industry)
Regulation and pricing to reflect external costs
Integrated land-use development (shorter travel distances)
Targeted personal information
Explain policy packaging
It describes a combination of individual policies and measures that strengthen each other (wrong ex. public transport improvements while also improving road infrastructure)
Explain positive-loop tendencies
Local policy makers use government grants to help counter anti- car use reduction arguments
What is horizontal LUTI
takes place between regional government(s)
What is vertical LUTI
takes place between regional and local government(s)
What is the Weberian model
Describes that public sector is divided into:
- Bureaucratic government
- Clearly delineated responsibilities
- Hierarchical sector-oriented division of tasks
Name the five types of resources in policy integration
Financial
Production
Competency
Knowledge
Legitimacy
Explain financial resources
money and budgets. not just financing policy solutions, but also the transaction costs of the decision-making process
Explain production resources
actual (physical) realisation of solutions, policies, and services
Explain competency resources
juridical authority to make certain decisions (ownership/responsibility)
Explain knowledge resources
documents with information and/or implicit knowledge from actors
Explain legitimacy resources
weight added to a project or policy initiative following the support of political bodies, the media or citizens
What are the two focuses on LUTI
Strategic orientation: land use/transport policy integration (formation)
Operational in nature: land use/transport project integration (implementation)
What are substantive instruments
Make direct use of government resources to direct behaviour. Ex.:
Financial (subsidies, loans)
Competence (regulation, licenses)
Knowledge (advice, training)
What are procedural instruments
Indirectly “guide or steer policy processes”. Ex.:
providing information, designing overarching strategies, in-/excluding policy-makers in decision-making
What are the two uncertainties regarding the future of the transport system?
Level of automation
Degree of sharing car ownership and trips
What are the six levels of automation?
Human driver monitoring:
0: no automation
1: driver assistance
2: partial automation
Driving system monitoring:
3: conditional automation
4: high automation
5: full automation
Example of level 0
lane departure warning
Example of level 1
adaptive cruise control
Example of level 2
parking assistance
Example of level 3
highway chauffeur
Example of level 4
parking garage pilot
Example of level 5
robot taxi
What are the two types of sharing
Car sharing
Ride sharing
What are the five potential scenarios of the future of the transport system?
1: Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
2: Fully automated private luxury
3: Letting go on highways
4: Multimodal and shared automation
