End of Topic Flashcards
Two limitations of photograph as a source of information about NGO assistance in areas of human rights violations
gives limited view by only showing one groups, does not show wider geographical scale of NGO work in terms of numbers
shows work with villages in one instance, does not depict the frequency of visits and total support given
Two obstacles for women that limit their access to reproductive health services
living in poor communities in LIDCs and EDCs, women socially and economically challenged with often poor access to education due to gender bias
cultural beliefs, biological determinism and pressure to have children, harmful traditional practices such as FGM
LIDC case study - opportunities for development created by global governance of human rights
Intro
- Honduras one of least developed countries in Central America, 2014 GDP per capita $4700
- Issues with human rights: unlawful use of force and corruption by police, discrimination against indigenous populations, gang culture, drug related violence, harassment of and violence against women
Economic Growth
- USA, UN and civil society implementing new food security programs, promoting economic diversification and training citizens in emergency response to natural disasters
- Under Dominican Republic - Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), small farmers and other enterprises are being assisted to increase their trade opportunities
- USAID is working in local areas to end poverty and enable communities to realise their economic potential, provided $50 million between 2010-2014
Socio-economic development
- 40% of population is under 15, therefore large focus is being placed on education in order to reform social norms and take preventative measures
- Honduras Ministry of Education helped to reform its polities by decentralising to local authorities
- Efforts to improve maternal and child health and nutrition and to prevent HIV/AIDS are providing
- HDI increased from 0.461 in 1980 to 0.617 in 2013
Political stability
- Strong bilateral links with USA
- CARSI
- Community based efforts to limit gang activity
One advantage and one disadvantage of using the mean
mean is widely used and understood
doesn’t give any indication about the range of values
Two factors that may account for global variation in maternal mortality rates
quality of healthcare - skilled doctors, emergency care for complications
availability of information and education - reduction in threats to mother’s life during pregnancy, eg. sanitation
LIDC case study - challenges for global governance of human rights
Intro
- Honduras one of least developed countries in Central America, 2014 GDP per capita $4700
- Issues with human rights: unlawful use of force and corruption by police, discrimination against indigenous populations, gang culture, drug related violence, harassment of and violence against women
Inequality
- Inequalities between rich and poor evident in urban areas such as industrial centre of San Paulo Sula
- Rural-urban migration leads to housing shortages and inevitable problems of water supply and sanitation
- In both urban and rural areas, there remains unequal access to education and healthcare, between girls and boys as well as discrimination against HIV positive people
Injustice
- Judges face acts of intimidation
- Criminal justice system needs modernising with greater protection of human rights
- Attacks on journalists
- Violence against children
- Discrimination against indigenous populations
- High incidence of violence related to drug trafficking and urban gangs
Two limitations of the interquartile range in describing spread of data
only gives information about middle 0% of data
does not show distribution of actual values within interquartile range
Explain how two different types of human rights violation can be a cause of conflict
unjust denial of freedom, eg female exclusion from decision making, can create tensions and devisions socially, therefore conflict
lack of freedom in religious and ethnic expression, can lead to prejudice and discrimination, in extreme cases resulting in genocide and torture
Case study - strategies used to address gender inequality issues
Short term strategies
Indian government passing Acts of Parliament designed to address women’s rights
- Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
- Dowry Protection Act, 2008
- Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Long term, aimed at shifting of norms
- 2014 Indian Ministry of Home Affairs launched anti-trafficking portal, expansion of anti-trafficking police units, specific training of police units, victim support program - 14.3 million people (mostly women and girls) subject to modern slavery in India in 2014
- Interventions by NGOs in implementing development projects are taking a gendered approach, eg International Center for Research on Women is working in Delhi neighbourhoods - set up a ‘safe cities’ project working in partnership with UN Women, Indian government and Delhi-based organisation, Jagon, approach has led to women slowly gaining confidence to report more crimes and to speak up for their rights in their communities - domestic violence entrenched in community culture, 52% of women in India think that it is justifiable for a man to beat his wife
Global governance of human rights issues is of greater consequence for citizens and places in the short term rather than the longer term
Citizens - short term
- Chaghcharan District, Ghor - Afghan Aid are one of many NGOs working in the field, EU funding and Afghan Aid training have introduced more effective agricultural practices, reduced risk of disease by securing safe water supplies and improved hygiene
- EU funding focus on agricultural accessible technology and sanitation resources, had rapid positive impacts on the citizens of the rural region
Citizens - long term
- In local communities, the Afghan government has been supported by international organisations to engage in projects where local residents are elected and form their own plans and priorities for the areas in which they live
- By 2014, nearly 6 million children were attending school, up from 1 million in 2001
- Access to primary healthcare increased to 50% up from 9% in 2003
- Average life expectancy increased from 55 to 61 (2000 vs 2013)
Places - short term
- Short term projects put in place between UN, Afghan government and international aid, focus on regions especially targeted by conflict, such as Helmand
- almost $80 million worth of funding went into infrastructure repair across Afghanistan following conflict, allowed for short term repair of areas and easing of migrant crisis
Places - long term
Urban region of Kabul
- UN Habitat working to co-ordinate Afghan government, local governments, community councils and funding from Japanese government to upgrade neighbourhoods in the 33 provincial capitals and Kabul
- Basis of these projects is election of Community Development Councils (CDCs), each include around 200-250 households
- In most CDC areas, plans include upgrading of housing, infrastructure, electricity, sanitation, schools and healthcare
It is the strategies of the UN which offer the most effective protection of human rights in areas of conflict
Social factors are the most important influences responsible for gender inequalities
Social
lack of access to education - 70% of girls attend primary school, figure drops sharply to less than 15% secondary school due to opposition from families and communities, poverty and cultural beliefs which are all restrictive factors
discrimination in access to healthcare - women have very little influence in healthcare autonomy and decision making, according to CARE International, nearly a third of all households in Bihar do not access government health services
sex selective abortion - according to current projections, sex selective abortion in India could lead to 6.8m fewer girls being born by 2030
Economic
discrimination in labour participation - women have limited access to employment opportunities and are often expected to remain at home, raise children, exist in the domestic sphere, even women who have received full secondary or tertiary education still do not enter the work force, finding it hard not to conform to social norms of marriage and motherhood
discrimination in the workplace
- maternity benefits denied by many employers and most omen do not return to work after childbirth, in Delhi only 25% of married women returned to work after childbirth including those who can afford to pay for healthcare, comes as a result of social conditioning that it is their responsibility to have and take care of children
Political
- limited political empowerment through lack of participation in councils and government institutions - gender inequality perpetuated by lack of women in government at national, provincial and local government level, women have poor representation in Indias parliament, with only 11% in Lok Sabha (lower house) and 10.6% in Rajya Sabha (upper house)
