End of Sem Exam Flashcards
Define Self Concept
- A detailed set of ideas about how we perceive ourselves in relation to others and the environment
- Often stated in relation to roles and personal attributes
- Descriptive rather than evaluative
What factors influence the development of self concept
- Inborn differences (temperament)- nature vs nurture
- Environmentally shaped differences- parenting styles
- Attributions by others- e.g. “Jim is always dropping things, falling over, he is so clumsy’’
- Role demands- often roles define categories use to describe oneself (e.g. student, sister)
Define self esteem
= how people evaluate themselves; self-image judgment, self worth, how we appraise ourselves
- The value an individual places on the attributes that contribute to his or her self-concept
- “I am very tall and I hate myself” vs “I am very tall, and that is ok”
what is the different between self concept and self esteem
- Your self-concept is what you know about yourself: I have brown hair, I am short, I am a professor
- Your self-esteem is how you feel about each of these pieces of knowledge: I hate my brown hair, I hate being short, I like being professor
how can self esteem impact adults
- Self-esteem impacts upon feelings of competences, ability to develop intimacy in relationships, ability to evaluate achievements positively, levels of anxiety in a given situation, motivation to achieve socially, resistance to conformity and ability to express views and opinions
define self efficacy
= a belief in one’s ability to perform a given task successfully. It predicts the likelihood that someone will attempt a give behaviour and continue working at it, despite possible difficulties in new situations
what are the three aspects of the self determination theory
autonomy, relatedness, competency
what is the definition and optimal condition for autonomy
The need to satisfy curiosity and explore interests
OC: Environments which are supportive of autonomy (rather than controlling/directive/authoritarian) – e.g., support involvement in problem solving, decision making.
what is the definition and optimal condition for relatedness
The need to feel attached and connected to others
OC: Environments which nurture trust and interdependence, and recognize an individual’s feelings and perspectives
what is the definition and optimal condition for competence
The need to experience mastery and challenge
OC: Provision of opportunities for graded acquisition of skills and mastery, offered in environments which are nurturing and supportive of autonomy.
what occurs when all three of the self determination aspects are met
^ interest, ^ excitement, ^ confidence = better wellbeing, enhanced performance, heightened creativity, increased persistence
what are the different types of motivation
amotivation, extrinsic (external, introjected, identified, integrated) and intrinsic
what is amotivation and what behaviour and language can occur
Lacking an intention to act.
o Behaviour: Lack of persistence in activities/ drops out
o Language: Why bother?, Its not worth doing (seems too hard to try), Seligman’s 3 P’s (Permanent, Pervasive, Personalised)
what is external regulation extrinsic motivation and what behaviour and language can occur
External controls influence performance; these may be tangible (e.g., physical reward) or intangible (e.g., social approval, inducements); These may also include threats, penalties, deadlines, punishments
Language: reflects external control (e.g., ‘I was made to do it’; ‘ I will be allowed to do this if I do that..”)
what is introjected extrinsic motivation and what behaviour and language can occur
Motivation for acting is dictated by a sense of obligation to others (this has become internalized); Feelings of self-esteem and ego are contingent on approval or disapproval (self or from others).
Language: “I could… I ought to… I should …. I would…”
Behaviour: Pressure self into performance; Pride/self-aggrandizement after others show approval/disapproval.
what is identified extrinsic motivation and what behaviour and language can occur
Personal choice- engage with little external pressure/regulation; Internal disposition to act; Willingness to engage
• Behaviour: Likely to be self-initiated and maintained (because seen to be important and of personal, value), Likely to persist
• Language: “How can I….? Then.. “I can…. “ and “I will….”
what is integrated extrinsic motivation and what behaviour and language can occur
Integration of personal goals within the broader context (existing social values)= they become part of an overall value system (full internalization)
o Behaviour: Put in hard work to achieve goals; Goal directed behaviour is integrated with other aspects of self
o Language: Similar to identified regulation; may make comments such as ‘this is important to me; it will help me reach my long term goal of…”
what is intrinsic motivation and what behaviour and language can occur
Fully internalized, self-determined participation in activity
o Behaviour: Self initiated, self directed, high levels of spontaneity/excitement/confidence/persistence.
o Language: e.g., ‘I want to do it again and again; “I Know what I need to do next”, “
what are the key elements of the family system
- Structure: specific membership and beliefs, values and coping strategies that make a particular family unique
- Function: tasks that families perform to meet needs of members- reason for being together as family
- Interactions: interrelationships
- Life cycle
what are family occupations
- Provide a cultural foundation enabling participation in variety of contexts
- Shape sense of identity and emotional well being
- Help establish routines and habits
- Support a readiness to learn
- Develop a readiness to assume place in community
what are normative events and non normative events in the family life cycle
- Normative events: childbearing, children going to school, adolescence, becoming empty-nesters, old age; they also experience of range of unpredictable
- Non-normative events: e.g. illness, disability, natural disasters
describe the transition between adolescent and early adulthood
- Major difference between adolescence and early adulthood is the removal of pre-established life goals
o Adolescence- many milestones, privileges and responsibilities were attained by virtue of a significant event
o Early adulthood- prestige, privileges and opportunities become less a reflection of time and more dependent upon abilities e.g. psychomotor skills, emotional strength, social skills and the ability to apply knowledge to situations
o In some situations, social and family connections are more important than actual skills and abilities
what are the health related factors of early adulthood
Health is related to socioeconomic factors:
- SES status (high vs low)
- Level of education (high vs low)
- Gender (male vs female)
- Marital status (married vs not married)
what are the suggested health habits for early adulthood
healthy eating, not smoking, drinking alcohol moderately or not at all, exercising moderately, sleeping regularly (7-8 hrs), safe sex
what is crystallised intelligence
o Tasks that have been specially learned & therefore more dependent on education and cultural background. That is, task-specific intelligence.
o Knowledge and skill become more specialised as you get older
what is fluid intelligence
o The process of perceiving relations, forming concepts, reasoning + abstracting
o Tested with novel problems
o Relatively free of culture and education, tends to peak in late teens and then decline from young adulthood
what did kohlberg propose about moral development advancement in young adulthood
- Kohlberg proposed that moral development is advanced young adulthood by:
o Encountering conflicting values away from home
o Sustaining responsibility for welfare of other people e.g. parenting, caring for clients?
what erikson stage of crisis occurs in early adulthood? describe it.
Erikson’s Stages: Intimacy Vs Isolation
- Key outcome: ‘intimacy’ or the ability to share with and care about another person and commit to them without fear of losing oneself in the process
- Erikson said it involves “a fusing of identities”
- Intimacy can occur between friends, family members and with partners
- Learn what commitment requires
- Relationships with family members and good friends deepen and become more solid as one learns what it means to love
- Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety and care within a relationship
Isolation
- If people cannot form these intimate relationships, studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self, and who fear relationships tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression
describe the ginzberg developmental theory regarding careers
- Process of occupational choice follows development progression- childhood to early adulthood
o Fantasy period (childhood)
o Tentative period (teenage)
o Realistic career exploration (young adulthood): exploration of careers/jobs, crystallisation-settling on a career/job
o Optimisation of work throughout life
what are the main physical changes in middle adulthood
- Vision: presbyopia (diminished ability of the lens to focus-harder to focus on near objects)
- Hearing: presbycusis (difficulty hearing high frequency sounds)
- Declines in smell + taste, touch, pain, temperature, muscle strength co-ordination, reaction time
