End of Republic Flashcards
Outline Penruddock’s Rising.
Action Party had plans for royalist takeover. In February 1655 Somerset and Wiltshire cavaliers had failed royalist attempts. John Thurloe had an effective spy network and London Tower reinforced.
8 March, Rochester takes troops to Marston Moor but is not allowed entrance, Berwick’s troops also prevented Newcastle capture.
On 11 March, Colonel John Penruddock and Sir Joseph Wagstaffe, military adviser, moved from Winchester to Clarendon Park, 3 miles from Salisbury. 400 marched on West calling for Royalists. High Sheriff of Salisbury and magistrates collecting assize were arrested. Penruddock saved them from being hung.
Penruddock was trialled and hung for treason at Exeter and 12 of the 33 trialled were also hung. Rochester fled to Charles II in NL. Major-General Rule followed.
How did Western Design fail?
Western Design to protect English merchants on Spanish ports of the Carribbean, with fleets sent in Dec 1654, was rejected by April 1655. Cromwell saw this as God’s rebuke, a more godly government needed.
Who was John Barkstead?
Ruled over Westminster and Middlesex as a Major-General, having led infantry in the New Model Army. In the first Protectorate he was MP for Colchester, followed by becoming MG of Westminster and Middlesex. At Moorfields he surpressed bear baiting and arrested vagrants/immoral people. By 1659 he was appointed to the Upper House, removed for abuse of prisoners.
Who was James Berry?
Originally an Agitator. In March 1655 he took down Penruddock’s rising in Nottinghamshire and in Lincolnshire was an Ejector, 1654. He was appointed MG for Herefordshire, Shropshire, Worchestershire, and Wales. He was associated with Fifth Monarchists and imprisoned by expelled Rump MPs, 1659.
Who was George Fleetwood?
Son of Charles Fleetwood. One of 59 regicides. He supported the end of Barebones and was an Ejector, alongside purging Oxford Uni. He was a deputy to Charles Fleetwood in administration of Buckinghamshire. He was appointed to Cromwell’s Upper House in 1657, and by May 1660 trialled as a regicide.
Who was John Disbrowe?
In December 1653 he became a General-At-Sea, having been part of the Eastern Association. He was distant to Charles’ trial. He was elected in the first Protectorate as MP of Cambridgeshire, and was accused of providing poor supplies to Western Design. In Oct 1655 he was MG for the western counties. He opposed Cromwell taking the crown.
When did Richard’s Protectorate start?
What were his advantages and challenges?
Protectorate of Richard Cromwell September 1658 – April 1659.
Advantages: Had 196 addresses of welcome and loyalty from gentry, counties, and town corporations. Had nothing to do with regicide, liked by Royalists.
Disadvantages; Army was suspicious of him and he had few contacts.
Senior officers met at Wallingford House at the beginning to extend influence. Monck told Richard to put two regiments into one and have a purge to remove opposition – he didn’t.
How did Heselrige undermine Richard and get return of Rump?
The Council established pre-Instrument of Government system, with elections on 27 January 1659. Heselrige and Vane attacked Protectorate while conservatives planned to place control of army under Richard and Parliament.
Junior officers were stirred by Haselrige, wanting a return of the Rump Parliament and reform. On 21 April 1659, Richard called a rendezvous of loyal troops but received poor reception, with the Wallingford House Party too powerful. On 22 April Parliament was dissolved and on 7 May 50 members took seats.
Why did Heselrige fail?
The Rump faced debt and unpopularity. Heselrige lacked reality and was unable to garner support. Once in power, he dropped his friendship with junior officers and never gave impression he would consider demands for control over promotions.
When was Booth’s Rising and why did it fail?
31 July 1659, Sir George Booth was a Presbyterian who called for ‘free parliament’ essentially royalist. He called for Charles II to be restored. Lambert defeated him at Winnington Bridge, 18 August.
The public failed to intervene and no other risings were stirred. Booth was distrusted by royalists as he was Presbyterian, not Anglican. Army claimed that the Rump needed it, and Fleetwood and Lambert called for extra regiments from Ireland. In September 1659 the Derby Petition called for political settlement and army control of promotions. Lambert was removed in October and he melted away the defence of Parliament with troops. Rump dissolved.
When was the Committee of Safety set (1659)?
26 October, Committee of Safety set up by civilians such as Gilbert Pickering. By December debt was 2 million pounds, legality of committee was questioned, the army was unpaid and living on free quarter, and loyalty to Fleetwood and Lambert declined. Pamphlets circulated by Levellers. Landowners feared radical religious groups. The Committee of Safety couldn’t put down tax strikes and apprentice riots in the city. Garrisons at Portsmouth and Hull didn’t obey orders.
How did Monck reduce Lambert’s standing?
Monck wrote to Fleetwood and Lambert. He led the Scottish army, paid for by taxes and loyal to him, and threatened Fleetwood, claiming if the Rump was not restored, he would move South with his forces. Lambert moved north to face George Monck’s threat.By December Monck’s propaganda turned army against Lambert. Lambert and Fleetwood restored the Rump on 26 Dec 1659.
How did Monck move against Heselrige in February 1660?
1 Jan 1660, Monck crosses River Tweed and is faced with petitions for a free Parliament, with the public wanting a return to the good old days. The Rump refused to set a date for elections and imprisoned petitioners. 6 February 1660, Monck addressed the Rump, telling them to host new elections. Haselrige urged him to resolve tax strike in London, reducing popularity, but Monck held discussions.
How was Parliament dissolved in March 1660?
Long Parliament expellees were told they may return if they ensured free and fair elections. On 21 February 1660, they returned, escorted by Monck. They outnumbered Rumpers by 50 and voted for dissolution in March.
How did Charles II become King?
Monck was contacted by royalist agent Sir John Grenville, and prevented uprising and return of Charles II. Charles and Hyde met with Monck at Breda, signing the Declaration of Breda on April 4. He committed to not act with tyranny, have religious peace, and establishing pardon for Parliamentarians and a higher Parliament position. Moncks troops were offered payment.
The Convention Parliament met on 25 April and political Presbyterians failed to get their religion enforced. On 8 May Charles II was made King.
