Encyclopedia of Counseling

Question 1

psychosocial

Answer 1

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are this.

Question 2

believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.

Answer 2

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists is this.

Question 3

Erik Erikson.

Answer 3

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Question 4

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.

Answer 4

The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

Question 5

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.

Answer 5

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

Question 6

his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

Answer 6

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

Question 7

conservation.

Answer 7

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

Question 8

volume or mass.

Answer 8

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Question 9

concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.

Answer 9

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

Question 10

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 10

________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.

Question 11

one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Answer 11

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

Question 12

egocentrism.

Answer 12

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of

Question 13

three levels of morality.

Answer 13

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested this

Question 14

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Answer 14

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as

Question 15

Erikson.

Answer 15

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Question 16

preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

Answer 16

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

Question 17

Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.

Answer 17

Trust versus mistrust is

Question 18

integrity versus despair.

Answer 18

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage,

Question 19

consequences.

Answer 19

In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

Question 20

a desire to live up to society’s expectations; and

a desire to conform.

.

Answer 20

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

Question 21

must truly contend with psychosexual urges; and

has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.

Answer 21

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed post-conventional morality. Here the individual

Question 22

This is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

Answer 22

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-accepted moral principles,

Question 23

was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.

Answer 23

The zone of proximal development

Question 24

could be classified as maturationists.

Answer 24

Freud and Erikson

Question 25

bonding and attachment.

Answer 25

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

Question 26

Generativity versus stagnation.

Answer 26

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Question 27

Harry Harlow.

Answer 27

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Question 28

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.

Answer 28

The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is

Question 29

intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years.

Answer 29

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

Question 30

A 13-year-old male middle school student.

Answer 30

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

Question 31

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.

Answer 31

In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys

Question 32

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Answer 32

Freud postulated these psychosexual stages:

Question 33

In this, males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.

Answer 33

In adolescence

Question 34

According to this, suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Answer 34

In the general U.S. population

Question 35

This is greatest during middle age.

Answer 35

The fear of death

Question 36

This evolves primarily during the oral age.

Answer 36

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

Question 37

In General,

girls grow up to smile more;

girls are using more feeling words by age 2;

girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.

Answer 37

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general

Question 38

latency.

Answer 38

The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is

Question 39

boys are punished more than girls.

Answer 39

In terms of parenting young children

Question 40

This is how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.

Answer 40

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

Question 41

qualitative changes between stages occur.

Answer 41

Stage theorists assume

Question 42

This is a continuous process which begins at conception.

Answer 42

Development

Question 43

is a continuous process which begins at conception.

Answer 43

is a continuous process which begins at conception.