Enculturation

Question 1

Enculturation

Answer 1

Multiple processes that begin in early childhood when an individual learns and adopt the values, ideas, beliefs and behavioral patterns of their culture.

Question 2

Cultural Norms

Answer 2

A set of societal expectations that influence behavior by indicating what is appropriate/inappropriate

Question 3

Direct tuition

Answer 3

Teaching young children how to to behave by directly reinforcing “appropriate” behaviors and by punishing/discouraging “inappropriate” behaviors

Question 4

Participatory learning

Answer 4

Actively taking part in the learning process and applying learning from other situations

Question 5

Social cognitive theory

Answer 5

Theory (developed by Bandura) that argues that we learn behavior from models in our society through observational learning and vicarious reinforcement.

Question 6

Vertical transmission

Answer 6

The passing down of cultural norms from one generation to another.

Question 7

Fagot (1978)

Answer 7

Aim:
To investigate whether parents play a role in a child’s gender-role development

Sample:
24 families (half with boys half with girls) with only one child between 20 and 24 months.

Type of research:
Overt naturalistic observation

Procedure:
Observers visited the home of the family while the parents and child was present. Observer used an observational checklist of child behaviors and parent reactions. The observations made use of time sampling, making note of the child’s behavior every 60 seconds. There were two observers to establish inter-coder reliability.

After the observations, each parent was asked to rate the child behaviors from checklist as more appropriate for boys, girls or neutral.

Findings:
Parents reacted significantly more favorably to the child when the child was engaged in same-sex preferred behavior; children were more likely to receive negative responses to cross-sex-preferred behaviors.