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3117 > encapsulation_7 > Flashcards

encapsulation_7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is encapsulation

A

process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating; filling formulation into a consumerable container

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2
Q

encapsulation technologies

A
  • nano (1nm-1mcm)
  • micro (1mcm -0.1mm)
  • macro (0.1mm-1mm)
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3
Q

nano encapsulation

A
  • imaging- phase contrast
  • injectable drug delivery systems
  • vaccine
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4
Q

micro encapsulation

A
  • reasonable payload
  • hold nutrients, enzymes, cells, etc
  • offers protection, diffusion barrier
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5
Q

macro encapsulation

A
  • high payload possible
  • consistent production quality
  • multi-particulate drug delivery system
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6
Q

encapsulation materials

A

particles, modified biopolymers, synthetic (co)polymers, low MW molecules

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7
Q

functional ingredient

A
  • probiotics
  • sensitive fatty acids
  • antioxidants
  • vitamins
  • flavours, aroma’s colorants
  • drug (like components)
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8
Q

release trigger

A
  • pH
  • mechanical stress
  • enzymes
  • ultrasound
  • temperature
  • ionic strength
  • light
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9
Q

encapsulated technique

A
  • emulsion based (pickering, self assembling, layer by layer)
  • spray drying
  • fluid bed coating
  • extrusion
  • coacervation
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10
Q

why encapsulation

A

provides isolation, entrapment, structuration, protection, or controlled release of a sensitive or reactive material (flavor, fragrance, bioactive) from the surrounding/ environment

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11
Q

advantage of encapsulation

A
  1. protection against moisture, oxygen and light
  2. prolong shelf life (stability)
  3. prevent premature release and pre-reaction
  4. mask undesirable taste, odor, and or color
  5. provide controlled release- rate, target, timed, delayed
  6. convert liq into solid (ease of handling)
  7. reduce inflammability
  8. improve safety and handling
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12
Q

liquid-based formulation (manipulation of pH, temperature, solubility, ionic interactions)

A
  • well established method, batch process
  • require skillful operator/operation
  • often, contains gelatin (and other biopolymers can be used eg. casein, soy proteins, chitosan, starch, gums)

also use: carbonless paper, pesticides, fragrances, liquid, crystal, detergents, paint stabiliser, adhesive

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13
Q

what is coacervation

A

coacervation phase separation involves the separation of liquid phase of coating material from a polymeric solution and encapsulating the core particles by uniform polymeric layer

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14
Q

examples of coacervation phase

A
  • gelatin-acacia

- gelatin-sodium alginate

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15
Q

emulsification

A

formation by water-organic solvent mixtures with surfactant (eg. sodium alginate solution in iso-octane + surfactants, hardened using calcium chloride)

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16
Q

application of emulsion based formulation

A
  1. protects drug from environment
  2. mask unpleasant taste and odor
  3. reduce drug volatility
  4. reduced gastric irritation by drug
  5. controls drug release
  6. separates incompatible components
  7. produces chemoembolisation agents
  8. produces microbioreactors
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17
Q

coating of cores containing active ingredients for

A
  1. modification of drug release (delayed sustained release)

2. protection of drug (taste making, moisture/gas barrier, UV protection, add color)

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18
Q

coated dosage form systems

A
  1. coated particle: popular in taste masking, stability enhance
  2. coated pellet: multi-particulate drug delivery system; multi-unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets
  3. coated tablet: decorative and identification; enteric coated; sustained release coated, osmotic pump
  4. coated capsule: not common, enteric release, prolong release
19
Q

reason for control release

A

occurs in a planned predictable and slower-than-normal method, to deliver drugs at specific planned and controlled rate

20
Q

advantages of control release system

A
  1. extended daytime and night time activity of drug
  2. potential for reduced incidence of side effects
  3. reduced dosage freq
  4. increase pt compliance
  5. potential low daily cost of pt (fewer dosage units)
21
Q

coating processes of pharmaceuticals

A
  1. compression- utilises a special tablet press, with capability of multi-layer compression
  2. pan coating - popular and well established method to coat tablet
  3. air suspension - air suspension wurster coating is used for coating small particles such as pellets
  4. spray coating- spray dryers are used to convert liquid feeds to dry powders, can be used for coating
  5. melt coating- niche technology, by hot melting extrusion or spray congealing (priling)
22
Q

design strategies of sustained drug release pellet

A
  • nonpareils are used as cores to be layered with drug, then overcoated with diffusion barrier polymer coat
  • drug-loaded pellets are prepared by extrusion-spheronisation, then overcoat with a diffusion barrier polymer coat
23
Q

what are nonpareils beads made of

A

sugar/ microcrystalline cellulose

24
Q

what are drug layer consist of

A

polymer and drug

25
Q

what is the purpose of having envelop air spray nozzle

A

the spray nozzle is extends spray into coating substrate bed and minimises local over-wetting

26
Q

what does envelop air do in the spray nozzle

A

it prevents the spray from hitting the floor/surface, instead of dispersing, the spray is projected into the powder system

27
Q

what is spray drying

A

widely used method to convert solutions, suspensions, or emulsions to dry powders, simple one-step process, highly efficient and versatile

28
Q

advantage of spray drying

A
  1. reduce volume
  2. ease dosing, handling and transport
  3. improve chemical and biological stability
  4. defined shape and size
  5. porous and high specific surface
29
Q

effect of spray drying suspensions

A

insoluble active solution of shell material

30
Q

effect of spray drying solution

A

active and shell material as liquid

31
Q

spray drying nozzle designs

A
  1. two fluid
  2. three fluid
  3. ultrasonic
  4. pressure
  5. rotary atomiser
32
Q

spray prilling (congealing)

A
  • for food and pharma products

- can be confined to smaller sizes

33
Q

use of prilling

A

preparing meltable powders (lubricant), taste masking, controlled release products

34
Q

types of capsules

A
  1. hard gelatin: cap and body, fit on inside the other
  2. soft gelatin: soft elastic gelatin capsule or softgel consist of a unit with a continuous gelatin shell surrounding a liquid fill material
35
Q

issues with gelatin

A
  1. animal protein: religious/ animal disease/ green house gases
  2. moisture- sensitive
  3. properties may change with adsorbed constituents (aldehydes)
36
Q

hard gelatin properties

A
  • self locking mechanism
  • from size 000 to 5 (0-4 is popular; smaller number bigger size)
  • capsule fill weight = tapped density x capsule volume
  • good fill depends on good flow properties of feed
37
Q

hard capsule size to volume (0-4)

A

0: 0.67ml
1: 0.48ml
2: 0.37ml
3: 0.27ml
4: 0.2ml

38
Q

non gelatin capsule

A
  • hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)
  • pullulan, water soluble polysaccharide
  • HPM and carrageenan
  • alginate
39
Q

test for hard gelatin capsule

A
  • assay
  • uniformity of dosage units
  • disintgration
  • dissolution
40
Q

different sizes of soft gelatin

A
  • round
  • oval
  • oblong
  • tube
41
Q

advantages of soft gelatin capsules

A
  • no compression stage, can contain poorly compressible drug
  • liquid fill avoids powder flow and mixing problems
  • avoid oxygen or moisture degradation of drug during long term storage, protected by gelatin shell
  • for poorly water soluble drugs, in a liquid vehicle, emulsified in GIT as fine droplets
42
Q

what should fill matrix of softgel capsules avoid

A
  • emulsions, may crack
  • Surfactants (high), affect gelatin integrity
  • pH < 2.5, hydrolysis of gelatin
  • pH > 7.5, tanning effect on gelatin, insolubility
  • aldehydes, cross-linking, tanning effect
43
Q

bioavailability from capsules

A
  • dissolution from gelatin shell (puncturing), quickly disperses into intestinal liquid
  • discharge of capsule content depends on flow of materials within

3117 (15 decks)

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