Enamel Flashcards
(112 cards)
What are the two stages of precipitation?
nucleation and crystal growth
What are the two stages of enamel crystal growth?
crystal elongation and crystal maturation
How does crystal elongation occur?
(prior to maturation) involves the lengthening of crystals along the C axis
How does crystal maturation occur?
(after elongation) involves the deposition of ions on the sides of the crystals, increasing thickness and width
What is the D of water?
80
Why is the dielectric constant for water so high?
because it is polar
Why is enamel less soluble in water?
Molecules or more densely packed, allowing for greater attractive forces
What is coulomb’s law?
F=q1*q1/(r^2)D
What are the “triangular” spaces between phosphate ions in enamel?
interstices
What fill the interstices between phosphate ions?
1/3 OH-, 2/3 Ca2+
What percentage of calcium ions are Cal?
40%
What is the ratio of interstices to phosphates?
2:1
What does the F- ion improve the attractive forces?
it is smaller than OH- and allows the structure to pack more densely, improving attractive forces
How are the phosphate lattices layered?
in an A-B-A-B arrangement
the _______ facing interstices of the A layer are aligned with the _______ facing interstices of the B layer.
Right : Left
Which direction do the non-columnar interstices face in the A layer? B layer? What are they capped by? What fills them?
Left : Right : Phosphates : Non-columnar Ca2+ ions
How many oxygens does a columnar Ca2+ (Cal) coordinate with?
9 phosphate oxygens
How many oxygens does a non-columnar Ca2+ ion coordinate with?
7 (6 phosphate and 1 hydroxyl)
What is Ksp? What do they describe?
solubility product constant (equilibrium of adding and loosing ions) : describe the behavior of lowly soluble ionic solids
What is the chemical formula for Calcium Hydroxyapatite (HAP)?
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Give the Keq for HAP. (the formula for Keq)
[Ca2+]^10 x [PO4;3-]^6 x [OH-]^2 / [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
What value does the concentration of a sparingly soluble solid have in a Keq equation?
1
What is Ksp when the solution is at equilibrium with the solid?
Ksp = Keq
What is Qsp? What is it equal to?
ion product : the product of the concentrations of of the ions that make up the crystal, each raised to the power corresponding to the number of that ion in the chemical formula (basically Keq=Qsp/[S])