Emtional/social development & Adolescent depression Flashcards
What are the domains of development?
Physical
Emotional
Social
Cognitive
What are emotions?
Feeling/state of mind generated from interaction with biochemical and/or environmental factors.
Have either a positive or negative valence- elation etc vs sad/gloomy.
Linked with physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience.
Describe temperament.
How a young child acts and responds to different situations and individuals (born with temperament)
Simple, non-motivational, non-cognitive, sylistic characteristics that represent meaningful ways of describing individual differences. Child brings characteristics that contribute to his/her development.
What is attachment?
This is the emotional bond between a child and the caregiver.
- Children need primary caregiver to be a secure base for exploration and safe haven for protection.
- Childrens perception of the caregiver form basis for ‘internal working models’.
- As individuals grow to adulthood:
Internal working models influence interpersonal behaviour.
What is emotional regulation?
The ability of a child to control their emotions and reactions to the environment.
Dyadic during early development.
Attention allocation is important component.
Impact of peers/stress impacts on emotional regulation. (bullying & blunted cortisol response)
Adolescents: Better cognitive response inhibition than younger children.
What are the basic emotions and what are their functions?
Joy Sadness Disgust Anger Surprise Fear
These are not culture specific.
Communicate needs (external response from caregiver), promote survival
Relational: Engage in interactions with others and to understand others emotions. (Visual cliff experiment)
What are the self conscious emotions?
Empathy Jealousy Embarrassment Pride Shame Guilt
What are 6 temperamental characteristics?
Activity Rhythmicity Quality of mood Approach/withdrawal from new experiences Persistence Ease of adaptability.
Difficult cluster: Biological irregularity, withdrawal from new situations, poor adaptability, negative mood, intense reactions.
Easy: Positive mood, biological regularity, mild intensity, adaptability and positive reactions to new situations.
Slow to warm up: Initial withdrawal, slow adaptation, mild intensity.
Goodness of fit: How the mum adapts to the baby can affect how the baby develops.
What did Kagan propose about temperament:
Inhibited temperament: highly reactive, more reserved, guarded and introverted.
Uninhibited: More outgoing, extroverted, very comfortable in social situations.
What are the origins of individual differences?
- Genetics: Behaviour has modest to high heritability (esp. fearfulness)
Molecular:
- Dopamine receptor gene
- Serotonin transporter gene
- Gene environment interaction
i. e certain allele-> different outcome depending on maternal sensitivity.
Dandelion vs orchid: Dandelion has a temperament regardless of mother. Orchid needs the right environment to thrive.
- Epigenetics:
Preconception, pre and peri natal influences. Maternal health, substance abuse, birth difficulties.
How stable is temperament?
Extreme characteristics = more consistency.
More consistency in early school years and teenage period.
What are implications of temperament?
Predicts development of later emotional and behaviour disorders
Association between difficult temperament and higher rates of accidents, sleep difficulties and infantile clinic
Predicts behavioural deviance at school
What are the 3 types of Mary Ainsworth attachment?
Secure: Infant positively explores, is upset when mother leaves but gives positive response upon her return.
Insecure-avoidant: Infant is detached on separation, avoids parent on reunion, engages in displacement exploration that is devoid of true interest.
Insecure - resistant/ ambivalent: Infant preoccupied with parents availability. Shows distress on separation and anger upon reunion
Disorganised: Inconsistent contradictory behaviours- dysregulated. These are babies that have fucky mums.
After age 15, females have a dramatic increase in depression compared to males. Why?
Hormones in puberty.
Gonadal hormones: Effects on cognition, motivation.
Rapid growth: Change in body shape/sexual maturation
Timing: Early or late developer.
What changes occur during adolescent brain development?
Prefrontal cortex: Grey matter thinning, synaptic pruning, myelination, remodelling cortical and limbic circuits.
Amygdala PFC connectivity associated with adolescent suicidal ideation/attempts.
Positive parenting: Decreased amygdala growth, increase cortical thinning.
