EMT223 Flashcards
How is shock best defined?
Inadequate tissue perfusion
In relation to cardiovascular physiology, what does heart rate multiplied by stroke volume equal?
Cardiac output
What is the Fick principle used to estimate?
Perfusion to an organ or the body
What are the smooth, low-friction cells that line the peripheral vascular vessels called?
Endothelium
How is the tone of the arterial system best reflected?
Pulse pressure
Medics are evaluating a 78 year-old male with a 4-day history of fever and chills. Pt is hypotensive, tachycardic and flushed. He’s had no vomiting, diarrhea, or blood loss, but is obviously in state of shock. What has his possible sepsis produced?
Relative hypovolemia
As the body compensates for shock with peripheral vasoconstriction, oxygen delivery to the capillaries decreases. What does this cause?
Anaerobic metabolism to replace aerobic metabolism
When “leaky capillary” syndrome occurs, what happens to the capillaries?
Permit protein-containing fluids to leak into the interstitial space
Paramedics are treating a pt in decompensated shock. On physical exam, paramedics discover that the pt has hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and crackles. What type of shock should be suspected?
Cardiogenic
What is a severe allergic reaction caused by histamine release from exposure to an antigen called?
Anaphylactic shock
Paramedics are treating a pt who presents with signs of shock. No trauma is noted and the only pertinent history is a leg fracture 6 weeks earlier. What type of shock should paramedics suspect?
Obstructive shock
What action occurs to compensate for stage 1 shock?
Vasoconstriction
During stage 2 shock, the onset of arterial hypotension and opening of AV shunts will cause what response?
Stagnation of blood flow in the capillaries
A 42 year-old woman is the unrestrained driver of a car that crashed head-on into a tree at approx. 45 mph. Both femurs are obviously fractured and she has an unstable pelvis. She is unresponsive, tachycardic, tachypneic, and hypotensive. Based on her vital signs, the woman in this shock scenario is expected to be in what stage of shock?
Stage 3
What is a likely cellular response to stage 3 shock?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Peritonitis and endocrine disorders might produce what type of shock?
Hypovolemic shock
What is a clinical sign of irreversible shock?
Frank hypotension
What is the management and treatment of a patient in any stage of shock directed at?
Management of oxygenation and perfusion of organs
What is hypovolemic shock of any cause first treated with?
Crystalloid fluid volume replacement
What is an IV solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of the body’s cells called?
Hypertonic solution
Public education concerning injury prevention would be classified as what phase of trauma care?
Pre-incident
What is the most critical factor in the survival of any severely injured patient?
Time from incident to definitive care
The “golden hour” describes which aspect of trauma care?
First hour after severe injury
Late trauma deaths most often result from which condition?
Sepsis