EMT Review Flashcards
Power
The voice needs breath to initiate phonation. Breath is the power however it must not be used powerfully. Instead, and in reference to one of the key principles of the Estill Model, “the breath must be free to vary according to what it meets on the way out”.
Source
Filter
Frequency
the rate at which a vibration occurs that constitutes a sound wave
Pitch
determined by the number of frequencies (vibrations) per second. Faster frequencies produce a higher pitch while slower frequencies produce a lower pitch. The standard pitch at which an orchestra tunes is A440 meaning there are 440 frequencies per second to produce A4 (the A above middle C).
Fundamental Frequency (Fo)
In a complex sound, multiple sine waves occur at once. The Fundamental frequency is the pitch that is perceived as the lowest partial.
Overtones can be heard above the fundamental frequency. Overtones and harmonics are collectively referred to as partial. The fundamental frequency is considered the 1st partial.
Harmonics
In a complex sound wave, frequencies above the fundamental are called overtones.
Overtones produced at a simple integer of the fundamental are considered harmonics (and inherent in musical instruments - with exception to a drum)
In musical terms, the predictable addition of each simple integer establishes the harmonic series (this can be heard in isolation to the fundamental in overtone singing).
The 1st harmonic is = 1st overtone but is considered the 2nd partial (with the fundamental frequency being the 1st partial)
Intensity
The amount of sound energy that passes through a particular area in one second. A high level of intensity will create a stronger sound pressure wave because of the amount of energy used to displace the molecules (and causing rarefraction) thus creating a more or less intense sound pressure wave.
This is measured by Watts divided by the area sound covers in square meters. This is called decibels (dB)
Loudness
The relation between intensity of sound pressure wave in relation to the threshold of hearing. This is measured in decibels.
Hz
Is the unit of cycles per second (which determines frequency and perceived pitch)
kHz
1000 Hertz
dB
The unit of measurement used to describe the amount of watt (energy) of a sound pressure wave. It is calculated by dividing the number of watts with the area of square meters the sound covers.
Signal
Sound waves
Tone
Noise
Interharmonic noise
Bernoulli Effect
How do true vocal folds vibrate?
How does vocal fold vibration generate tone?
How does closed phase relate to subglottal air pressure?
Formants
Voice quality
Vowels
Identify the following
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs
-diaphragm
-abdominal cavity
-thoracic cavity
Name all the cartilages of the larynx and describe how they fit together
Discuss the biological functions of the larynx
Identify the following:
-nasopharynx
-laryngopharynx
-oropharynx
Explain how breathing works - what moves breath in and out of the lungs
Where is the diaphragm and how does it move as we breathe, speak, sing?
What is REL?
What is the difference between tidal, speech, and performance breathing?
Draw a side view of the tongue and identify:
-tip
-blade
-dorsum
-root or base of tongue
Describe layered structure of the true vocal fold and what comprises the “body” and “cover”
Prepare to identify the following muscles and discuss their role in pitch raising and lowering:
-medial thyroarytenoid
-lateral thyroarytenoid
-cricothyroid
-superior constrictor
-middle constrictor
-inferior constrictor
-suprahyoids (as a group)
-infrahyoids (as a group)
Identify these structures and their functions during speech and swallowing:
-velum
-velo-pharyngeal port
-hard palate
-soft palate
-uvula
Identify the following:
-sternum
-clavicle
-scapula
-rib cage
-pelvis
Label the following:
-maxillae
-mandible
Label the following:
-pectoralis major
-latissismus dorsi
-quadratus lumborum
-sternocleidomastoid
Describe the 3 levels or layers of protective closure in the larynx and under what conditions these various levels participate in closure
Name the structures involved in the production of speech sounds (vowels and consonants)
List and explain the Guiding Principles of EVT
List and explain the Operating Principles of EVT
Describe each of the following: Craft, Artistry, Performance Magic
Why did Jo Estill say “Speaking and singing are unnatural acts”?
Name the 4 original voice qualities observed in Jo Estill’s x-rays in 1981.
How does each component, Power, Source, and Filter contribute to voice production?
Name the 13 structures included in EVT
If voice production is complex and dynamic, how does Estill Voice Training simplify the learning process?
What are Attractor States
Give an example of an attractor state in voice production.
How can knowledge of voice quality benefit teachers and performers?
Define Magnitude Estimation and how we measure kinesthetic perception in EVT?
Discuss the role of Effort as it pertains to Estill Voice Training
List the guidelines for monitoring Effort
List the 9 Relaxation Maneuvers and describe their intended effects
List the rules for monitoring effort in vocalization
What are the risks in high intensity speaking and singing, and how does Estill Voice Training reduce them?
What are the triggers for FVF Constriction?
Explain why breathing is dynamic?
Explain why breathing can be voluntary or involuntary
Name the three layers of protective closure in the larynx.
Define inhalatory and exhalatory muscles and their functions during respiration.
What is a recoil breath
When might “belly breathing” be advantageous?
When might ‘chest/clavicular’ breathing be advantageous?
Name at least one Estill Principe that applies directly to the role of breath control in voice production.
List the structures, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles involved in pitch production and describe their contributions
What is a voice break?
Explain the application of Effort in Pitch Production
Explain the physiology and coordination between breath and muscle work for the onset/offset conditions.
What muscles open the glottis?
What muscles close the glottis?
What muscles allow the FVFs to be opened and closed independently?
List the conditions for the FVFs and describe the physiology of each
List the options for TVF: Body-Cover and descbie the physiology of each.
List the options for TVF: Body-Cover and describe the physiology of each.
List the options for thyroid cartilage and describe the physiology of each
List the options for larynx and describe the physiology for each
List the options for Velum and describe the physiology of each
List the options for tongue and describe the physiology of each
List the options for AES and describe the physiology of each
List the options for Jaw and describe the physiology of each
List the options for lips and describe the physiology of each
List the options for Head and Neck describe the physiology and effort locations for each
LIst the options for Torso and describe the physiology and effort locations for each
What is the recipe for the Estill siren?
Why is the Estill Siren useful?
What is a Miren?
List the structure options required for Speech Quality
List the structure options required for Falsetto Quality
List the structure options required for Nasal Twang Quality
List the structure options required for Oral Twang Quality
List the structure options required for Sob Quality
List the structure options required for Cry Quality
List the structures and the option (or options) required for Opera Quality
List the structures and the option (or options) required for Belt Quality
