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EMS 110 > EMT BASIC > Flashcards

EMT BASIC Flashcards

1
Q

Afterload

A

The force or resistance against which the heart pumps

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2
Q

Anaphylactic Shock

A

Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction

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3
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

An extreme, life threatening in systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure

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4
Q

Aneurysm

A

A swelling or enlargement of a part of an artery resulting, from weakening of the arterial wall

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities of the body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food

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6
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart as the the result of buildup of blood, or other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output

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7
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction as well as other conditions.

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8
Q

Compensated shock:

A

The early stages of shock in which the body can still compensate for blood loss

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9
Q

Cyanosis

A

A blue skin discoloration that is caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood

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10
Q

Decompensated shock

A

The late stage of which when blood pressure is failing

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11
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of water from the tissues of the body

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12
Q

Distributive shock

A

A condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles small venules, or both

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13
Q

Edema

A

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

A balance of all systems of the body

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15
Q

Hypothermia

A

A condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95F

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16
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Shock caused by fluid or blood loss

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17
Q

Myocardial contractility

A

The ability of the heart muscle to contract

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18
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation, seen in patients with spinal cord injuries

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19
Q

Obstructive shock

A

Shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heart or great vessels causing an insufficient blood supply to the body’s tissues

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20
Q

Perfusion

A

The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels

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21
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

A collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and myocardium

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22
Q

Preload

A

The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up

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23
Q

Psychogenic shock

A

Shock that is caused by a sudden temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope)

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24
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressures

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25
Q

Sensitization

A

Developing a sensitivity to a substance that initially caused no allergic reaction

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26
Q

Septic shock

A

Shock caused by severe infection usually a bacterial infection

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27
Q

Shock

A

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable everybody to perform its function also called hypoperfusion

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28
Q

Spincheters

A

Circular muscles that encircle and contracting constrict a duct tube or opening

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29
Q

Syncope

A

a fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness

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30
Q

Abdominal Thrust Maneuver

A

Preferred method to dislodge a severe airway obstruction in adults and children

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31
Q

active compression-decompression CPR

A

A technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling it back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression); may increase the amount of blood that returns to the heart and thus, the amount of blood ejected from the heart during the compression stage

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32
Q

advanced life support (ALS)

A

Advanced lifesaving procedures used to treat medical conditions, such as cardiac monitoring, administration of intravenous fluids and medications, and the use of advanced airway adjuncts. EMTs may be trained in some of these areas.

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33
Q

basic life support (BLS)

A

Noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat medical conditions, including airway obstruction respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest

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34
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

the combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing used to establish adequate ventilation and circulation in a patient who is not breathing and has no pulse

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35
Q

chest compression fraction

A

The total percentage of time during a resuscitation attempt in which active chest compressions are being perfomed

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36
Q

dependent lividity

A

Blood settling to the lowest point of the body, causing discoloration of the skin; a definitive sign of death

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37
Q

gastric distention

A

A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation

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38
Q

head tilt-chin lift maneuver

A

A combination of two moveoments to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin, not used fr trauma patients

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39
Q

hyperventilation

A

Rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal; may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure decreased venous return and hypotension when associated with BVM use

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40
Q

impedance threshold device (ITD)

A

A valve device placed between the endotracheal tube and BVM that limits the amount of air entering the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions

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41
Q

ischemia

A

A lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred

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42
Q

jaw-thrust maneuver

A

Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury

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43
Q

load-distributing band (LBD)

A

A circumferential chest compression device composed a constrciting band and backboard that is either electrically or pneumatically driven to compress the heart by putting inward pressure on the thorax

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44
Q

mechanical piston device

A

A device that depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powered or electric-powered plunger mounted on a backboard

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45
Q

recovery position

A

A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unresponsive patients who are breathing adequately and do not have suspected injuries to the spine, hips, or pelvis

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46
Q

return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

A

The return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest

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47
Q

rigor mortis

A

Stiffening of the body muscles, a definitive sign of death

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48
Q

stridor

A

A harsh, high-pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway; may be audible without a stethoscope

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49
Q

ventilation

A

Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT

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50
Q

BLS focuses on the _ _ _

A

ABCs: Airway(obstruction), breathing(respiratory arrest),, and circulation (cardiac arrest or severe bleeding).

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51
Q

If the patient is in cardiac arrest, what sequence should be used?

A

CAB: Compressions, Airway, and Breathing

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52
Q

____ Involves advanced lifesaving procedures such as cardiac monitoring, administration of IV fluids/meds, etc

A

Advanced Life Support

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53
Q

5 Links in Chain of Survival

A

1) Recognition and activation of the emergency response system
2) Immediate, high-quality CPR
3) Rapid defibrillation
4) Basic and advanced emergency medical services
5) ALS and post arrest care

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54
Q

When using an AED on a chid….

A

Use pediatric pads and a dose attenuating system(energy reducer). If these are not available use adult sized AED pads.

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55
Q

In infants what kind of defibrillation is preferred?

A

Manual

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56
Q

Common causes of an airway obstruction are:

A

Relaxation of the throat muscles in an unresponsive patients, vomited or regurgitated stomach contents, blood, damaged tissue after an injury, dentures, or foreign bodies such as food or small objects

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57
Q

The manual maneuver is recommended for removing severe airway obstructions in the responsive adult and child is the

A

abdominal thrust maneuever

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58
Q

A trauma assessment focuses on__________ and a medical assessment focuses on_________

A

Physical injuries (most of which are visible through a physical examination) Symptoms and depends more on establishing an accurate medical history

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59
Q

For conscious medical patients obtaining a________can be one of the most beneficial aspects of the PT assessment

A

Patient history

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60
Q

Conscious medical PTs seldom need a ________ but all should get a detailed physical examination based on their chief complaint.

A

secondary assessment.

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61
Q

If the patient is not critical condition, you should gather as much important information as possible about….

A

The scene so that can you can transmit the information to the physician at the emergency dept

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62
Q

Modes of transport ultimately come in two categories:

A

Ground or air

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63
Q

communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another

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64
Q

epidemic

A

Occurs when new cases of a disease in a human population substantially exceed the number expected based on recent experience

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65
Q

herpes simplex

A

A common virus that is asymptomatic in 80% of people carrying it, but characterized by small blisters on the lips or genitals in symptomatic infections

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66
Q

index of suspicion

A

Awareness that unseen life threatening injuries or illnesses may exist

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67
Q

infectious disease

A

a medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisims within the body

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68
Q

influenza

A

A virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and infected humans that kills thousands of people every year

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69
Q

medical emergencies

A

Emergencies that are not caused by an outside force illnesses or condtions

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70
Q

meningitis

A

an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord it is usually caused by a virus or bacterium

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71
Q

meningococcal meningitis

A

an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord can be highly contagious

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72
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

A bacterium that can cause infections in different parts of the body and is often resistant to commonly used antibiotics; it is transmitted by different routes including the respiratory route, and can be found on the skin, in surgical wounds, in the bloodstream, lungs, and urinary tract

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73
Q

Virulence

A

The strength or ability of a pathogen to produce disease

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74
Q

atelectasis

A

Collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs

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75
Q

Bronchial breath sounds

A

Normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi

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76
Q

Bronchitis

A

An acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and depending on the cause sometimes fever

77
Q

Carbon dioxide retention

A

A condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide

78
Q

carbon monoxide

A

An odorless, colorless, tasteless, and highly posionous gas that results from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion

79
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

Irritation of the major lung passageways from infectious disease or irritants such as smoke

80
Q

acidosis

A

The buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that results from a primary illness

81
Q

adventitious breath sounds

A

abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing, stridor, rhonci, and crackles

82
Q

alkalosis

A

the buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluid

83
Q

allergen

A

A substance that causes an allergic reaction

84
Q

anaphylaxsis

A

An extreme life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock or respiratory failure

85
Q

Asthma

A

An acute spasm of the smaller air particles called bronchioles associated wtih excessive mucous production and with the swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages

86
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

A slow process of dialation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction

87
Q

continuous positive airway pressure

A

A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation

88
Q

crackles

A

Crackling, rattling breath sounds signalling fluid in the air spaces of the lungs formerly called rales

89
Q

croup

A

An inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough, usually seen in children

90
Q

diphtheria

A

An infectious disease in which a membrane forms, lining the pharynx this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx

91
Q

dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

92
Q

embolus

A

A blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage

93
Q

emphysema

A

A disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dialation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide it is one form of COPD

94
Q

epiglottitis

A

a disease in whcih the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction

95
Q

hyperventilation

A

Rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal

96
Q

hyperventilation syndrome

A

This syndrome occurs in the absence of other physical problems. The respirations of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation may be as high as 40 shallow breaths/min or as low as only 20 very deep breaths/min

97
Q

hypoxia

A

A condition in which the bodys cells and tissues do not have enough oxygen

98
Q

hypoxic drive

A

A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive seen in patients with chronic lung diseases

99
Q

influenza type A

A

Virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with the H1N1 strain

100
Q

metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

A

A miniture spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs

101
Q

orthopnea

A

Severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) experienced when lying down and relieved by sitting up

102
Q

oxygenation

A

the process of delivering oxygen to the blood

103
Q

pandemic

A

an outbreak that occurs on a global scale

104
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Severe shortness of breath especially at night after several hours of reclining the person is forced to sit up to breathe

105
Q

pertussis

A

An airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years. Patients will be feverish and exhibit a “whoop” sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection

106
Q

pleural effusion

A

a collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung

107
Q

pleuritic chest pain

A

Sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura

108
Q

pluera

A

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the throrax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

109
Q

pneumonia

A

An infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue

110
Q

pneumothorax

A

A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

111
Q

pulmonary edema

A

A buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure

112
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

A blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing obstruction of blood flow

113
Q

respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

114
Q

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

A virus that causes an infection the lungs and breathing passages can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart such as bronchiolitis and pneumona. RSV is highly contagious and spread through droplets

115
Q

rhonchi

A

Coarse breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucous in the airways

116
Q

small-volume nebulizer

A

A respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. The patient inhales the medication into the airways and lungs a s a treatment for conditions such as asthma.

117
Q

stridor

A

A harsh, high-pitched, barking inspiratory sound often heard in acute laryngeal (upper airway) obstruction

118
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

a disease that can lay dormant in a persons lungs for decades, then reactivate, many strains are resistant to antibiotics. TB is spread through cough

119
Q

ventilation

A

exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT

120
Q

vesicular breath sounds

A

Normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alevoli

121
Q

wheezing

A

A high pitched whistling breath sounds characteristically heard on expiration in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

122
Q

A common complaint that may be caused by numerous medical problems including infections of teh upper or lower airways acute pulmonary edema, COPD, spontaneous pneumothorax, asthma, allergic reactions, pleural effusion, mechanical obstruction of the airway, pulmonary embolism, and hyperventilation

A

Dyspnea (shortness of breath or difficulty breathing)

123
Q

Each of the lung disorders has the ability to interfere with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place during respiration. This interference may be in the form of:

A

Damage to the alevoli
Seperation of the alevoli from the pulmonary vessels by fluid or infection
Obstruction of the air passages
Air or excess fluid in the pleural space

124
Q

Patients often develop difficulty breathing and or hypoxia with the following medical conditions

A 
Upper or lower airway infection
Acute pulmonary edema
COPD
hay fever
asthma
anaphylaxis
spontaneous pneumothorax
pleural effusion
125
Q

Signs and symptoms of breathing difficulty include:

A 
Adventitious breath sounds(wheezing, stridor, crackles, and rhonchi)
Nasal flaring
Pursed lip breathing
Cyanosis
Inability to speak
Use of accessory muscles to breathe
Sitting in the tripod position
126
Q

tripod position

A

Upright position where the patient leans foward onto outstretched arms(usually hands on knees) with the head and chin thrust slightly forward

127
Q

high Fowlers position

A

Raising the bed up really high, sitting up in a chair position

128
Q

The heart is divided down the middle into two sides, right and left each with an upper chamber called (——-) and a lower chamber called (——–)

A

Atrium, Ventricle

129
Q

Heart valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood moving through the circulatory system

A

Aortic valve

130
Q

Controls heart rate and helps the atria and ventricles work together to pump blood

A

Heart electrical system

131
Q

During periods of exertion the —— needs more oxygen. The oxygen is supplied by dialation of the coronary arteries which increases blood flow

A

Myocardium

132
Q

Low blood flow to the heart is usually caused by

A

coronary artery atherosclerosis

133
Q

A disease in which cholesterol plaques build up inside blood vessels eventually obstructing them

A

coronary artery atherosclerosis

134
Q

A brittle plaque in an artery that cracks causing a blood clot to form. Heart tissue downstream suffers from a lack of oxygen and within 3 minutes will begin to die.

A

Acute myocardial infraction (heart attack)

135
Q

Angina

A

chest pain

136
Q

Signs of AMI

A 
Angina(chest pain)
Sudden weakness
Nausea
Sweating 
Sudden dysrhythmia (abnormal heart rhytmn)
Pulmonary edema (swelling of the lungs)
Sudden death
137
Q

Heart attacks can have three serious consequences:

A

Sudden deaths (usually caused by cardiac arrest or heart dysrhythmias)
Cardiogenic shock
Congestive heart failure

138
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Cardiogenic shock

A

Anxiety
Pale, clammy skin
Higher than normal pulse rate
Low blood pressure

139
Q

When a damaged heart muscle can no longer contract effectively enough to pump blood through the body. Lungs fill with fluid, breathing becomes difficult, heart rate increases, left ventricle enlarges

A

Congestive heart failure

140
Q

In——— the left ventricle enlarges

A

CHF

141
Q

Dependent edema

A

Swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground, caused by a collection of fluid in the tissues, possible sign of congestive heart failure

142
Q

dilation

A

Widening of a tubular structure such as a coronary artery

143
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

a condition in which the inner layers of an artery, such as the aorta, become seperated, allowing blood (at high pressure) to flow between the layers

144
Q

dysrhythmia

A

An irregular or abnormal heart rhythm

145
Q

hypertensive emergency

A

An emergency situation created by excessively high blood pressure, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke or aneurysm

146
Q

infarction

A

death of a body tissue usually caused by interruption of its blood supply

147
Q

inferior

A

the part of the body or any body part nearer to the feet

148
Q

ischemia

A

a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow, potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occured

149
Q

lumen

A

The inside diameter of an artery or other hollow structure

150
Q

myocardium

A

the heart muscle

151
Q

occlusion

A

a blockage usually of a tubular structure such as blood vessel

152
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation

153
Q

perfusion

A

the flow of blood through body tissues and vessels

154
Q

posterior

A

the back surface of the body the side away from youin the standard anatomic position

155
Q

return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

A

the return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest

156
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction

157
Q

superior

A

the part of the body or any body part nearer to the head

158
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear (also known as the fight or flight system)

159
Q

syncope

A

A fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness

160
Q

tachycardia

A

a rapid heart rate more than 100 beats/min

161
Q

thromboembolism

A

a blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream

162
Q

ventricle

A

One of the two (right and left)lower chambers of the heart. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium (upper chamber) and delivers blood to the aorta. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery.

163
Q

ventricular fibrilllation

A

disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles, resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest

164
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

a rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium) which may result in adequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest

165
Q

accessory muscles

A

the secondary muscles of respiration. they include neck muscles (sternocleidomastoids), the chest perctoralis major muslces, and the abdominal muscles

166
Q

AVPU scale

A

A method of assessing the level of consciousness by determining whether the patient is awake and alert, responsive to verbal stimuli or pain, or unresponsive used principally early in the assessment process

167
Q

capnography

A

A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time

168
Q

conjunctiva

A

the delicate membrane that lines the eyelid and covers theexposed surface of the eye

169
Q

crepitus

A

a grating or grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together also air bubbles under the skin that produce a crackling sound or crinky feeling

170
Q

DCAP-BTLS

A 
Deformaties
Contusions
Abrasions 
Punctures/penetrations
Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations
Swelling
171
Q

guarding

A

involuntary muscle contractions of the abdominal wall to minimize the pain of abdominal movement a sign of peritonitis

172
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the abdomen

173
Q

incident command system

A

a system implemented to manage disasters and mass and multiple casualty incidents in which section chiefs including fiance logistics operations and planning report to the incident commander. Also reffered to as the incident management system,

174
Q

OPQRST

A 
Onset 
Provocation
Quality
Region/Radiation
Severity
Timing
175
Q

paradoxical motion

A

the motion of the portion of the chest wall that is detached in a flail chest, the motion in during inhalation, out during exhalation, is exactly the opposite of normal chest wall motion during breathing

176
Q

Rhonchi

A

Coarse, low pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways

177
Q

SAMPLE history

A

A brief history of a patients condition to determine signs and symptoms allergies medications pertinent past history, last oral intake and events leading to the injury or illness

178
Q

sclera

A

The tough fibrous white portion of the eye that protects the more delicate inner structures

179
Q

subcutaneous emphysema

A

A characteristic crackling sensation felt on palpation of the skin, caused by the presence of air in soft tissues

180
Q

vasoconstrction

A

narrowing of a blood vessel

181
Q

adsorption

A

the process of binding or sticking to a surface

182
Q

parenteral medications

A

medications that enter the body by a route other than the digestive tract, skin, mucous membranes

183
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

184
Q

agonal gasps

A

ocassional gasping breaths that occur after the heart as stopped

185
Q

alveolar minute volume

A

the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space calculated by multiplying tidal volume minus dead space air from the tidal volume

186
Q

dead space

A

the portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alvevoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange in some contexts any portion of the airway that does not contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange such as the trachea and bronchi

187
Q

axtaic respirations

A

Irregular, ineffective, respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

188
Q

automatic transport ventilator

A

a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows variables of ventilation to be set. it frees the emt to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated.

189
Q

hypercarbia

A

increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream

EMS 110 (1 decks)

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