EMS: Inequality & poverty Flashcards
In South Africa there is currently not enough of what (4 things) for everyone?
*Employment
*Housing
*Medical care
*Quality education
Some people in our country are very what and others are very what.
*Rich
*Poor
This what has caused what in our country?
*Socio-economic imbalance
*Inequality
Inequality means?
Inequality means unequal distribution of assets of wealth and income within different populations or individuals.
Causes of socio-economic imbalances.
There are many causes of socio-economic imbalances worldwide. Some of the major causes in South Africa are: (3)
*Apartheid
*Poverty
*Unemployment
Apartheid
What year did the South African government introduced the apartheid policy?
1948
This policy divided all South African people into racial groups, namely (4)
*White
*Colourd
*Indian
*Black
What was based on race?
Where people lived, worked, visited, attended school, received medical treatment, used transport, etc.
More money was spent on the …
Education of white children than from any other race group.
Children from the other groups followed a …
Different syllabus at school and they could not learn in their mother tongue
Not all people were given …
equal opportunities
Poverty
How many people currently living in South Africa?
50 million people
An estimate of how many people in South Africa live in poverty?
22 million people
What does poverty mean?
Poverty is the state of being poor, having little or no money and a few possessions.
Poor people struggle to survive and are faced with all or most of the following challenges (6)
*Hunger
*No housing
*Malnutrition
*Lacking basic services like sanitation
*Clean drinking water
*Little or no access to education
Poverty causes what as poor people cannot take part in the …..
*Socio-economic imbalances
*Economy
Why can’t poor people not take part in the economy?
Because they don’t have the money to buy goods and services.
It is difficult to break the cycle of …
Poverty
This means that when parents are unemployed and struggle to survive, it is difficult for their children to ….
Change their circumstances. The child cannot get a good education or other opportunities and so remains in poverty.
Unemployment
Unemployment is defined as the …
Situation where people who are willing and available to work cannot find jobs.
Unemployment often goes with ….
Lack of skills or a person having the wrong sills for a job.
There are 4 kinds of unemployment.
*Frictional unemployment
*Cyclical unemployment
*Seasonal unemployment
*Structural unemployment
Frictional unemployment
When there are not enough jobs available for all the people in a country
Cyclical unemployment
When a country experiences bad economic times.
Seasonal unemployment
When jobs are available for only a certain season of the year, for example during the harvesting of various crops
Structural unemployment
Caused by changes in technology when workers are replaced by machinery
NB - Unemployment often results in ….
Crime including burglaries, robberies, shoplifting, hijacking, corruption and theft.
Accessibility and quality of education
Highly educated and people with skills are generally …
Paid more money than people with little or no education and skills.
Accessibility
The government has made education ..
What year?
Compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16 since 1994
Poor people still find it difficult to
Pay for school fees, transport and for tertiary studies for children.
Many are note taught in their ….. making learning
First language
Inaccessible for some and putting them at a disadvantage
Quality of education
In many schools the ……. is too high and classrooms are …….
teacher-pupil ratio
overcrowded
Many teachers are —— or ——–
unqualified
under-qualified
Many poor schools lack —-
Facilities and resources
Name a few facilities and resources they lack.
*Poor sanitation
*Electricity
*School libraries
*Sports facilities
*Resources for specialized subjects like Maths and Science.
They may not have access to —– and ——
Textbooks
Stationary
Many poor schools need more
Classrooms and school buildings are not maintained
HIV/AIDS
South Africa has the ———– number of AIDS sufferers in the world.
Second highest
According to a survey in what year, 17.8% of South Africa’s population between the ages of —- and —- where HIV positive.
2011
15 & 49
This would have a serious impact on the …… which directly affects the …….
Labour force
Economy
A lot of their money is spent on …….. and …….
Medical costs
Funeral plans
Many affected with the disease cannot —–, which affects ——— and ——-
work
businesses and the economy
Inequality in South Africa
Define inequality.
Unequal distribution of assets or wealth within or between populations or individuals.
What has caused a big gap between rich and poor in South Africa.
inequality
These incllude:(5)
*Land ownership
*Housing
*Labour
*Gender
*Education
Land ownership
In the early 1990’s more than …..% of agricultural land belonged to …..
80%
White commercial farmers
The post-apartheid government hast put ………. in place to redistribute specific land.
Land reform policies
Housing
Because of what act and what year specified that Africans, coloureds and Indians were only allowed to own property in specific areas.
Group Areas Act
1950
Labour
During apartheid unemployment occurred more amongst ….
Black African people
Skilled jobs were also taken up mostly by …… while the African labour force had mostly unskilled jobs and …..
White people
earned lower wages
Gender
………… is the degree to which males and females do not have the same opportunities in life and are treated differently.
Gender inequality
During apartheid black women were not allowed to …..
enter the labour market and males received higher salaries and wages than females.
Education
As previously discussed, the apartheid education system was characterised by…
inequality
Only a small number of learners were able to …
get into quality schools and universities
Education and skills to fight inequality and injustice.
It is clear from all the above discussions, that South Africa needs ……. and …..
educated and skilled people
This is to ensure …… and ……
employable nation and to fight poverty
Statistics for the ………. (2011) showed that from Grade 9 upwards, the drop-out rate was 12%
Department of Education
Some initiatives to reduce the inequality and injustice in education are:
*Reducing the drop-out rate from the schooling system
*Increase the number of technical schools where learners can acquire skills such as plumbing, carpentry and panel beating.
*Address the shortage of skills in subjects such as Maths, Science and Technology
*Improving the recources in poor schools such as libraries, science labs and sports fields.
*Introducing a School Nutritional Programme to provide learners at poor schools with meals, as many learners do not have food at home.
*Improvement in texbook orders and deliveries to schools
*Learner transport system
*Building of new schools
Urban and rural challenges
Challanges in urban areas
*Unemployment - as many people living in rural areas face poverty and move to urban areas to find jobs.
*Poverty increases - as people cannot find work in the formal or informal sectors
*Overpopulation - in urban areas puts pressure on resources i.e. water, sewerage, electricity and service delivery.
*The increase in population leads to and increase if health problems and diseases such as HIV and AIDS.
*A lack of opportunity could cause an increase
in substance abuse and criminal activities. Gangsterism is common in urban areas.
Challenges in rural areas
*Rural development is slow and lacks infrastructure (e.g. transport system, quality schools and hospitals) and basic services (e.g. clean drinking water, electricity and sanitation)
*Many people drink water from nearby rivers and if these become polluted, it results in sicknesses and diseases.
*Lack of opportunities for the poor because of not owing enough land, and lack of resources.
*Many foods produced from the land are sold at low prices and the income from the processing of the raw materials do not return to the rural community i.e. apple farmers do not benefit from the sale of apple juice.
Creating sustainable job opportunities
One of the biggest economic and social challenges in South Africa is ……and ……
job creation and decreasing unemployment
Some of the plans developed by the South African government (2011) to deal with these challanges included: (4)
*Halved unemployment by 2014
*to create 5 million jobs over the next 10 years. The plan included investing money in energy, communication, water, housing and transport.
*Ensuring that all children between the ages of 6 and 16 years attend school. At the end of Grade 9 learners may continue to study towards their National Senior Certificate (matric certificate). Education will ensure sustainable job opportunities in the future.
*To grow self-employment (entrepreneurship) in the formal and informal sectors of the economy.
