EMR Module 2 Definitions Reverse Flashcards
EMR Module 2 Definitions Reverse
The part of the body that contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs.
abdomen
The space in the body below the diaphragm and above the pelvis that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
abdominal cavity
The process of moving nutrients, water, and electrolytes into the circulatory system so they can be used by body cells.
absorption
The organs that assist digestion by secreting fluids into the alimentary canal.
accessory organs of digestion
The socket of the hip bone that forms part of the hip joint.
acetabulum
The glands located on top of each kidney.
adrenal glands
A substance that causes an allergic reaction.
allergen.
Microscopic air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs.
alveoli
The passageway through which feces leaves the body.
anal canal
A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that affects multiple body systems.
anaphylaxis.
The study of the structure of an organism, such as the human body.
anatomy
A substance that defends the body against bacteria, viruses, or other antigens.
antibody
Any substance that is foreign to an individual and causes antibody production.
antigen
The largest artery in the body that blood flows from to all parts of the body. It lies in front of the spine in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
aorta
The part of the skeleton that includes the upper and lower extremities (arms and legs), the shoulder girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
appendicular skeleton
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
arteries
The smallest branches of arteries that connect arteries to capillaries.
arterioles
The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body and lungs.
atria
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions and maintains homeostasis.
autonomic
The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, spinal column, sternum, and ribs.
axial skeleton
The force exerted by the blood on the inner walls of the heart and arteries.
blood pressure
A hollow space in the body that contains internal organs
body cavity
The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
breathing
Small tubes that branch off from the bronchi.
bronchioles
Large airway tubes that the trachea branches into in the chest, with one tube leading to each lung.
bronchus
The smallest and most numerous blood vessels that are very thin and connect arterioles and venules.
capillaries
The muscle found in the walls of the heart that produces the heart’s contractions and pumps blood.
cardiac muscle
The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute.
cardiac output
The system that is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
cardiovascular system
The bones within the wrist.
carpals
The parts of the large intestine that food passes through in order: a pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine; the part that extends up the right side of the abdomen; the part that runs horizontally across the abdomen; the part that extends down the left side of the abdomen; the S-shaped section that connects the descending colon and the rectum; the final straight portion that connects to the anus.
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
The sum of the chemical reactions that occur within cells, enabling them to maintain a living state.
cell metabolism
The basic units of all living tissue.
cells
The system that allows the body to carry electrical signals from the body’s organ systems to the brain and spinal cord as well as to the various organ systems of the body.
central nervous system
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The part of the spine that extends from the base of the skull to the first thoracic vertebra.
cer-vical spine
The part of the brain that is responsible for the precise control of muscle movements as well as maintaining posture and balance.
cerebellum
A clear liquid that is circulated continuously and acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system.
cerebrospinal fluid (csf)
The largest part of the human brain that consists of two cerebral hemispheres.
cerebrum
The region of the body containing the 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum that forms the thoracic cage protecting organs like the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
chest (thorax)
Partially digested food that is moved from the stomach into the small intestine.
chyme
The system that is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
circulatory system
A very thick bundle of nerve fibers that joins the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
corpus callosum
The hollow space in the head that contains the brain and is protected by the skull.
cranial cavity
The nerves that are linked directly to the brain.
cranial nerves
The bony skeleton of the head that protects the brain from injury and gives the head its shape.
cranium
The bony enclosure that contains and protects the brain.
cranium
The only complete ring of cartilage in the larynx.
cricoid cartilage
The elimination of unabsorbed waste.
defecation
The thick layer of skin below the epidermis that contains hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, small nerve endings, and blood vessels.
der-mis
The muscle below the lungs that contracts to facilitate breathing.
diaphragm
The pressure in an artery when the heart is at rest.
diastolic blood pressure
The part of the brain between the cerebrum and the brainstem that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
diencephalon
The process of chemically breaking down food into small parts so that absorption can occur.
digestion
An abnormal condition in which the body’s steady state (homeostasis) is threatened or cannot be maintained.
disease
The separation of the peripheral nervous system into two parts.
division
The separation into parts or sections.
division
The sections of the small intestine where most digestion and absorption occurs.
duodenum, jejunum
A style of speech used by younger people when communicating with older adults that resembles baby talk and contains features such as slower rate, patronizing tone, high pitch, increased volume, repetition, simplified vocabulary and grammar, and exaggeration of words. Its use implies the older adult is dependent and incompetent.
elder speak ,
A system of glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the circulatory system to trigger a response in specific body cells.
endocrine system
The cartilage shaped like a leaf that is attached along the interior anterior border of the thyroid cartilage in a hingelike fashion.
epiglottis
The red blood cells that contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that chemically bonds with oxygen.
erythrocytes
The muscular tube located behind the trachea that serves as a passageway for food.
esophagus
The study of cause.
etiology
The process of breathing out and moving air out of the lungs.
expiration
The nostrils or external openings of the nose.
external nares
The tubes that receive the ovum and transport it to the uterus after ovulation.
fallopian tubes (oviducts)
Ribs that are not attached to the front of the sternum.
false ribs
The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone of the body.
femur
One of the two lower leg bones that the tibia attaches to.
fibula
Ribs that are not attached to the front of the sternum.
floating ribs
Diamond-shaped openings on an infant’s head that allow flexibility during delivery and growth of the brain. These gaps in the skull bones do not completely close until around 18 months of age.
fontanels
The opening in the base of the skull.
foramen magnum
A sac-like organ that stores bile until it is needed by the small intestine.
gallbladder
The space between the vocal cords.
glottis
The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart.
great vessels
The large, bony prominence on the lateral shaft of the femur to which the buttock muscles are attached.
greater trochanter
The bony floor of the nasal cavity.
hard palate
The muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation.
heart
An iron-containing protein that chemically bonds with oxygen.
hemoglobin
An extreme loss of blood from a blood vessel.
hemor-rhage
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
homeostasis
The upper arm bone to which the biceps and triceps muscles are attached, allowing the shoulder to rotate, flex, and extend. It is the largest bone of the upper extremity and is the second-longest bone in the body.
humerus
An increase in carbon dioxide.
hypercarbia
A condition in which an individual’s body temperature becomes elevated beyond normal due to failed thermoregulation.
hyperthermia
Plays an important role in the control of thirst, hunger, and body temperature. Also serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
A condition in which an infant’s body temperature drops below normal due to their poorly developed temperature-regulating mechanisms.
hypothermia
A lack of adequate oxygen.
hypoxia
The section of the small intestine where most digestion and absorption occurs.
ileum
The interval between the exposure to a disease-causing agent and the appearance of signs and symptoms.
incubation period
The stages of human development from birth through the lifespan.
infancytoddlerpreschoolerschool-ageadolescenceearly adulthoodmiddle adulthoodlate adulthood
The death of tissue due to ischemia.
infarct
A tissue reaction to disease, injury, irritation, or infection characterized by pain, heat, redness, swelling, and sometimes a loss of function.
inflammation
The process of taking food and liquids into the body.
ingestion
The process of breathing in and moving air into the lungs.
inspiration
A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that decreases blood glucose concentration.
insulin
The system that is made up of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands. It protects the body from the environment, bacteria, and other organisms, as well as keeping the fluids inside the body.
integumentary system
Muscles between the ribs
intercostal muscles
A reduced blood supply, which is the most common cause of hypoxia.
ischemia,
Clusters of cells within the pancreas that secrete hormones such as glucagon.
islets of langerhans
The organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity on each side of the spinal column that produce urine, maintain water balance, aid in regulation of blood pressure, and regulate levels of many chemicals in the blood.
kidneys
The section of the intestine that is about 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length.
large intestine (colon)
The lower-most part of the throat.
laryngopharynx
The structure in the upper airway that contains the vocal cords and is involved in speech production.
larynx
The area of the abdomen on the left side above the level of the navel.
left upper quadrant (luq)
The area of the abdomen below the umbilicus and to the left of the midline.
left lower quadrant (llq)
Cells that attack and destroy germs that enter the body.
leukocytes
Tough groups of connective tissue that attach bones to bones and bones to cartilages. They provide support and strength to joints and restrain excessive joint movement.
ligaments
A large internal organ that produces bile, which emulsifies fats.
liver
The bones of the pelvis, upper legs, lower legs, and feet.
lower extremities
The interior space of a blood vessel.
lumen
The spongy, air-filled organs bound superiorly by the clavicles and inferiorly by the diaphragm.
lungs
The system that consists of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsils, the spleen, and the thymus gland.
lymphatic system
The organs that function in milk production after delivery of an infant.
mammary glands
The uppermost (superior) portion of the sternum that connects with the clavicle and first rib.
manubrium
The part of the space in the middle of the chest, between the lungs, that extends from the sternum (breastbone) to the spine.
mediastinum
A hormone that has a role in regulating daily rhythms, such as sleep. Levels increase at night and are low or undetectable during the day.
melatonin
The onset of menstruation during puberty.
menarche
The covering over the brain and spinal cord.
meninges
The cessation of menstruation that occurs in women in the late 40s or early 50s.
menopause
The periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus, occurring about every 28 days.
menstruation ,
The bones in the hand that connect the wrist to the fingers.
metacarpals
The bones that make up the main part of the foot.
metatarsal
The state of partial contraction of muscle fibers due to continuous electrical signals from nerve cells, even when not actively moving.
muscle tone
The part of the pharynx located directly behind the nasal cavity.
nasopharynx
The point on the abdomen where the umbilical cord was attached during gestation.
navel (umbilicus)
The collection of specialized cells that conduct information to and from the brain.
nervous system
Cells of the nervous system that control voluntary and involuntary activities and provide for higher mental functions like thought and emotion.
neurons
Information that is observed or measured directly, rather than being reported by the patient.
objective findings.
The joint where the humerus connects with the radius and the ulna.
olecranon
A structure made up of at least two different types of tissue that work together to perform a particular function.
organ
A group of tissues and organs that work together to provide a common function in the body.
organ system
The middle part of the throat that serves as a passageway for air only.
oropharynx
The pair of almond-shaped organs that produce eggs (ova).
ovaries
An organ that secretes juices containing enzymes for protein, carbohydrate, and fat digestion into the small intestine.
pancreas
The part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves and restores energy; its effects are localized in the body.
parasympathetic division
Glands located behind the thyroid gland that secrete a hormone to maintain calcium levels in the blood.
parathyroid glands
The outer lining that lines the wall of the chest cavity including the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum.
parietal pleura
The kneecap that attaches to the femur and protects the knee joint anteriorly.
patella
The mechanism by which a disease develops.
pathogenesis
The study of the physical, chemical, and mechanical processes that cause or are caused by disease or injury, producing changes in the structure and function of the body.
pathology
The study of the physical, chemical, and mechanical processes that cause or are caused by disease or injury, producing changes in the structure and function of the body.
pathophysiology
The area below the abdominal cavity that contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs.
pelvic cavity
The bony arch made up of bones that enclose and protect the organs of the pelvic cavity. It provides a point of attachment for the lower extremities and the major muscles of the trunk.
pelvic girdle
The bony ring formed by three separate bones that fuse to become one by adulthood, to which the lower extremities are attached at the hip joint.
pelvis
The organ that serves as the outlet for sperm and urine.
penis
The flow of blood through an organ or a part of the body.
perfusion
The cavity surrounding the heart.
pericardial cavity
The area between the vaginal opening and the anus.
perineum
The nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
peripheral nervous system (pns)
The opposition that blood encounters in the blood vessels as it travels away from the heart, referring mainly to the arterial circulation.
peripheral vascular resistance (pvr),
The involuntary wavelike contraction of smooth muscle that moves material through the digestive tract.
peristalsis
The potential space between two membranes that line the abdominal cavity, separating the abdominal organs from the abdominal wall.
peritoneal cavity
The bones of the fingers.
phalanges
The toes are the foot’s equivalent to the fingers.
phalanges
The part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and larynx.
pharynx
The study of the normal functions of an organism, such as the human body.
physiology
The part of the brain that is responsible for producing melatonin, which has a role in regulating daily rhythms, such as sleep.
pineal gland
The endocrine gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
pituitary gland
The liquid portion of the blood that carries oxygen, blood cells, vitamins, proteins, glucose, and many other substances throughout the body.
plasma
Irregularly shaped blood cells that have a sticky surface and gather at the site of an injury to help stop bleeding.
platelets
The serous membranes that line the pleural cavities surrounding the lungs.
pleurae
The spaces surrounding each lung.
pleural cavities
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura filled with a small amount of oily fluid.
pleural space
The gland that secretes fluid that increases sperm movement and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina during intercourse.
prostate gland
The regular expansion and recoil of an artery caused by the movement of blood from the heart as it contracts.
pulse
The lateral, thumb side bone in the forearm.
radius
The system that makes cells (sperm, eggs) that allow continuation of the human species.
reproductive system
The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.
respiration
The area of the abdomen that contains the appendix.
right lower quadrant (rlq)
The section of the abdomen on the right side above the imaginary horizontal line through the navel.
right upper quadrant (ruq)
Factors that may increase a person’s chance of developing a disease.
risk factors
The loose sac of skin that houses the testes.
scrotum
The glands that secrete fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
seminal vesicles
A severe form of head injury that occurs when an infant or child is shaken by the arms, legs, or shoulders with enough force to cause the baby’s brain to bounce against the skull.
shaken baby syndrome
The inadequate flow of blood through an organ or a part of the body.
shock
The bony arch formed by the collarbones (clavicles) and shoulder blades (scapulae).
shoulder girdle
A medical or trauma condition of the patient that can be seen, heard, smelled, measured, or felt by the examiner.
sign
Spaces or cavities inside some cranial bones that drain into the nose, produce mucus, and trap bacteria.
sinuses
Muscles that move the skeleton, produce heat to maintain body temperature, and maintain posture. They are voluntary muscles because you can control how they move.
skeletal muscles
The framework of the body, made up of bones that provide structure and protect organs.
skeletal system
The bony skeleton of the head that protects the brain from injury and gives the head its shape.
skull
The tube-shaped organ that is about 20 feet long and smaller in diameter than the large intestine, where food is further digested and nutrients are absorbed.
small intestine
Muscle that is found within the walls of tubular structures of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary systems, blood vessels, the eye, and the bronchi of the respiratory system, and whose movement cannot be consciously controlled.
smooth (involuntary) muscle
The fleshy part that extends behind the hard palate and marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx.
soft palate
The division of the peripheral nervous system that has receptors and nerves concerned with the external environment and influences the activity of the musculoskeletal system.
somatic
The cavity that extends from the bottom of the skull to the lower back, contains the spinal cord, and is protected by the vertebral column.
spinal cavity
The center for many reflex activities of the body that relays electrical signals to and from the brain and peripheral nerves.
spinal cord
Nerves that relay impulses to and from the spinal cord.
spinal nerves
The column of bones extending from the skull to the pelvis that encloses and protects the spinal cord.
spine (vertebral column)
The flat bone in the center of the front of the chest that connects to the ribs.
sternum (breastbone)
The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles of the heart with each contraction.
stroke volume
The thick layer below the dermis that contains fat and insulates the body from changes in temperature.
subcutane-ous layer
Findings that depend on the patient’s interpretation and description of their condition.
subjective findings
A thin film that coats each alveolus and prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
surfactant
The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes energy, particularly in stressful situations, through the fight-or-flight response.
sympathetic division
A condition described by the patient.
symptom
A group of signs and symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disease or disorder.
syndrome
The pressure in an artery when the heart is pumping blood.
systolic blood pressure
The bones that make up the back part of the foot and heel.
tarsal
Strong cords of connective tissue that firmly attach the end of a muscle to a bone.
tendons
The male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone.
testes
A part of the brain that functions as a relay station for impulses going to and from the cerebrum.
thalamus
The space in the body located below the neck and above the diaphragm that is protected by the rib cage.
thoracic (chest) cavity
The thymus gland plays a role in the body’s immune system. The ovaries are female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones.
thymus gland, ovaries
The largest cartilage of the larynx that is shaped like a shield and can be felt on the front surface of the neck.
thyroid cartilage
A gland located in the neck below the larynx that is shaped like a butterfly.
thyroid gland
The larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
tibia
Groups of cells that cluster together to perform a specialized function.
tissues
The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi and lungs.
trachea
The ribs that are attached directly to the sternum by their own cartilage.
true ribs
Shelflike projections that protrude into the nasal cavity that warm, humidify, and filter air as it moves within them.
turbinates
The longer of the two bones of the forearm, located on the medial side.
ulna
The bones of the shoulder girdle, the arms, the forearms, and the hands.
upper extremities
Tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureters
A canal that passes urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
urethra
The temporary storage site for urine.
urinary bladder
A hollow, muscular organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and receives nourishment until birth.
uterus
The small piece of tissue that looks like a mini punching bag and hangs down in the back of the throat.
uvula
The passageway for menstrual flow and delivery of an infant.
vagina
Vessels that return blood to the heart. Veins normally carry oxygen-poor blood.
veins
The amount of blood returning to the ventricles.
venous return.
The two lower chambers of the heart that have thicker walls than the atria and pump blood to the lungs and body.
ventricles
The smallest branches of veins that connect capillaries and veins.
venules
The inner layer that covers the surface of the lungs.
visceral pleura
The organs that are essential for life.
vital organs
A high- or low-pitched whistling sound that is usually heard on exhalation, suggesting that the lower airways are partially blocked with fluid or mucus.
wheezing
The inferior portion that makes up the sternum. This landmark is important when determining the proper hand position for chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
xiphoid process
