EMR Flashcards
Signs and symptoms that a body is fighting an infection (5)
headaches fever exhaustion nausea vomiting
Which four factors must coincide for an infection to occur?
A pathogen must be present.
There must be enough of the pathogen to cause disease.
A person must be susceptible to the pathogen.
There must be a route of entry.
How do pathogens enter the body?
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Airborne
Vector-borne
How is hepatitis A primarily spread?
Through food or water that has been contaminated by feces from an infected person.
Which types of hepatitis can be prevented by a vaccine?
Hepatitis A and B
How is TB spread?
through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
What are the symptoms of TB?
significant coughing lasting 3 weeks or longer pain in the chest weight loss loss of appetite coughing up blood or bloody sputum weakness and/or fatigue fever and chills night sweats
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?
stiff neck high fever confusion headache nausea sleepiness vomiting sensitivity to light
Order of donning PPE
hand hygiene gown mask eye wear gloves
Order of doffing PPE
gloves gown hand hygiene eye wear mask hand hygiene
lateral
anything located away from the midline
medial
anything located towards the midline
midline
the imaginary line running down the middle of the body
ventral (anterior)
anything located toward the front of the body
dorsal (posterior)
anything located toward the back of the body
superior (cephalic)
any part toward the patient’s head
inferior (caudal)
any part toward the patient’s feet
proximal
closer to the trunk
distal
further from the trunk
What are the 5 major body cavities?
cranial spinal thoracic abdominal pelvic
Scene Assessment
hazards and environment mechanism of injury and chief complaint number of patients additional resources required general impression PPE
Primary Assessment
chief complaint level of responsiveness spinal motion restriction ABCs pulse oximetry rapid body survey transport decision patient positioning
Secondary Assessment
SAMPLE-patient or with bystanders
vital signs
head to toe
SAMPLE
signs and symptoms allergies medications past/present relevant medical conditions last oral intake events before the incident
Level of response
alert
verbal
pain
unresponsive
Which situations should you suspect a spinal injury?
unresponsiveness or unknown cause of injury
fall from a height greater than 1 metre or 5 stairs
any motor vehicle collision
any injury if helmet is broken
severe blunt force to head or trunk
injury that penetrates the head or trunk
diving mishap
What are agonal respirations?
an inadequate pattern of breathing sometimes associated with cardiac arrest states.
Can show as gurgling, moaning, gasping sound, gaping mouth, or laboured breathing.
*does not provide adequate oxygen.
How often should you check ABCs?
every five minutes for an unstable patient, and every 10 minutes for a stable one.
What percentage of oxygen saturation is considered the start of being inefficient?
80%
What should you do for a patient with SpO2 level of 91-94%? (mild hypoxia)
nasal cannula or standard oxygen mask
What should you do for a patient with SpO2 level of 86-90%? (moderate hypoxia)
non-rebreather mask or bag-valve-mask (BVM) with oxygen reservoir
What should you do for a patient with SpO2 level of 85% or lower? (severe hypoxia)
non-rebreather mask or bag-valve-mask (BVM) with oxygen reservoir
How often should pulse oximetry be taken and recorded?
every 15 minutes with a stable patient, and every 5 minutes for unstable patients.
OPQRRRST
onset-gradual/sudden provocation-what makes it get worse quality-sharp/dull/stabbing region-where is the pain radiation-pain radiate to other places relief-what makes it better severity-0-10 time-when did the pain start
Which VS do we take?
pulse BP pupils SpO2 skin respirations AVPU
Average pulse, respirations, and BP for neonate?
pulse: 120-160
resp: 40-60
BP: 80/40
Average pulse, respirations, and BP for infant?
pulse: 100-200
resp: 30-40
BP: 80/40
Average pulse, respirations, and BP for child?
pulse: 80-120
resp: 16-24
BP: 90/50
Average pulse, respirations, and BP for adult?
pulse: 60-100
resp: 12-20
BP: 120/80
What should you be doing in the head-to-toe examination?
inspection (exposing and examining) auscultation (listening) palpation (feeling) smell looking for medical ID
What should you do if the patient indicates pain during the head-to-toe examination?
OPQRRRST
What are the steps of a head-to-toe examination?
-consent and explain procedure
-head-look for fluid in nose, ears, and mouth
(if fluid is found, check responsiveness and pupils again)
-neck
-clavicles and shoulders
(if no abnormalities are found, ask to shrug shoulders)
-lower anterior of ribs-check inhale
-back-palpate down the spine
-abdomen-4 quadrants
-hips-in, up, down
-individual legs-joints
-foot pulse/cap refill
-motor sensory assessment on feet and toes
-arms
-squeeze fingers
reassess ABCs
What are the 2 types of airway obstruction?
Anatomical airway obstruction
Foreign-body airway obstruction
What do you do when someone has a partial airway obstruction?
Encourage them to cough while leaning forward slightly.
What should you do for a foreign-body airway obstruction on a responsive adult?
back blows (5) abdominal thrusts (5) chest thrusts (5)
check for the foreign-body after each method switch
What should you do for a foreign-body airway obstruction on an unresponsive adult?
30 chest compressions
check mouth
remove object if seen
open the airway and breathe
If first breath goes in , give second breath. If not, reposition, then breathe again.
if the second does not go in, repeat 30 compressions-1 breath
What should you do for a foreign-body airway obstruction on a responsive infant?
position infant's body supine on your forearm, head down. hold infant's jaw 5 firm back blows turn over infant 5 chest compressions repeat
How deep should chest compressions be on an infant?
1/3 depth of the chest
What should you do for a foreign-body airway obstruction on an unresponsive infant?
30 chest compressions inspect the mouth open the airway attempt to ventilate 2 times repeat compressions
What should you do when someone is in anaphylaxis shock?
comfort
ABCs
epi-pen
transport
