Empirical Cycle

Question 1

The empirical cycle phase where you ______ a relation in the real world and use as input to the induction phase is called _______.

Answer 1

observe

observation phase

Question 2

The empirical cycle phase where you take a specific observation from the real world and use it to hypothesize a general rule

Answer 2

induction phase

Question 3

The empirical cycle phase where you turn a general rule into a specific concrete prediction that you expect to see when you undertake research. This is the phase where _______ setup is determined. It is also where measurement ________ are determined and ______ to follow are determined. In addition population _________ are identified

Answer 3

deduction phase
research
instruments
procedures
sample

Question 4

In this phase (_________) of the empirical cycle, data is collected and compared with the ______. _______ analysis may be required.

Answer 4

testing phase
prediction
statistical

Question 5

In this phase of the empirical cycle, interpretation of results are taken and weighted against the hypothesis. If there is a research setup error it can be tweaked and retested or the hypothesis can be adjusted

Answer 5

evaluation phase

Question 6

When checking a study for ______ validity we are checking to ensure that ______ and constructs were measured accurately, and that we measured what we _______ to measure

Answer 6

construct validity
properties
intended

Question 7

When checking a study for ____ validity we check that the observed effect was actually due to the hypothesized cause.

Answer 7

internal validity

Question 8

When the hypothesized relationship supported by our findings also holds true in other settings / for other groups - we are checking this type of validity

Answer 8

external validity

Question 9

For a relationship to be seen as causal the cause must be traced to the ____.

Answer 9

effect

Question 10

When tracing for causality the cause must _____ the effect.

Answer 10

precede

Question 11

When tracing for causality the cause and effect must occur ______ consistently

Answer 11

together

Question 12

any systematic difference in subject characteristics between groups, other than the manipulated cause is an internal validity threat known as:

Answer 12

Selection

Question 13

selection internal validity threat is remedied with

Answer 13

randomization

Question 14

• When time leads to a ____ in a participant such that a change would be seen anyway
E.g. Some people get over loneliness with time
(internal validity threat)

Answer 14

maturation

Question 15

Internal validity threat where subjects have different rates of ______. Someone may get over something or get better at something faster naturally than others. This is known as _______.

Answer 15

maturation

selection by maturation

Question 16

Selection by maturation is remedied typically by

Answer 16

randomization

Question 17

Maturation is remedied typically by

Answer 17

introducing a control group

Question 18

When instruments have systemic bias or measure another construct or property entirely this results in

Answer 18

low construct validity

Question 19

When an instrument is changed during the course of a study and it impacts the results of the study, this is known as what type of internal validity threat

Answer 19

instrumentation

Question 20

The sensitizing effect (on a participant) by being administered a test. What is this type of internal validity threat called

Answer 20

Testing

Question 21

Type type of internal validity threat where the experimenter knows what group they are working with and behaves differently while working with that group. This can affect results

Answer 21

experimenter expectancy

Question 22

A change in participant behaviour due to expecations about the study is what kind of internal validity threat?

Answer 22

demand characteristics

Question 23

If you’re unsure that the hypothesized cause is the actual real cause that precedes the effect, it’s this kind of internal validity threat

Answer 23

ambiguous temporal precedence

Question 24

Unforeseen event happens during the study that affects the outcome of the study. E.g. Covid-19 (large scale), or something happens in the room during data collection e.g. experimenter faints. What kind of internal validity threat is this?

Answer 24

history

Question 25

The internal validity threat caused by participant drop out

Answer 25

mortality