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Empire- Ancient and MEdieval > Empire > Flashcards

Empire Flashcards

1
Q

What does Livy say about Hannibal?

A
  • Doesn’t eat or drink to excess (Plutarch on alexander)

- 1st into battle last out

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2
Q

Qualities of Alexander

A
  • Plutarch - rationality -taught by Aristotle ( shows importance across time and space)
  • Abdera- law and justice in India
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3
Q

What are three reason for expansion of Rome

A
  1. Polybius - conquest desired
  2. Livy and cicero - defence - only when attacked
    e. g. Rhodes and Pergamum attacked by Philip of Macedonia or 2nd Punic war by Hannibal
  3. Morel - economic e.g. look at conquest of Ostia to gain access to sea and Antium to conquer pirates and rid of competition
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4
Q

Examples of Divinity of Alexander

A
  • Bull Horns on Helmet (ba’al)- copied to Seleucids

- Alexander and Zeus on the coins of the Antigonids

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5
Q

Who says Alexander was an opportunist

A

Bosworth - only ever conquering land

- why at the end he has no heir? - leaves land to strongest

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6
Q

Lavan’s views

A
  • Cultural diversity was a pre-requisite? desire to be universal rulers
  • territorially impossible to be homogenous
  • conceptualisation of imperial dictates dependent on context
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7
Q

Bernard on Clairvaux

A
  • Double edged sword in bible means sword used for Christianity and by (college of Curia and Papal Legates)
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8
Q

What shows that Punic Wars may have been internal?

A
  • Fabius Pictor writes in Greek

- Scipio and Hannibal would have talked in Greek

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9
Q

When were the three Punic Wars

A
  • 264 BC (Sicily and Sardinia)
  • 218 BC( Hannibal)
  • 150BC (Sack of Carthage)
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10
Q

Howard

A
  • Sargon of Akkad - king of four quarters

- tai - pay tribute for 2,000 years so relatively autonomous in both Mongol and Hun emprise

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11
Q

Allsen

A
  • Nomads are cultural transmission - Marco Polo
  • Asian pavilions taken as they move westward
  • Chinese dragon in European paintings
  • wearing imperial colour is from Islamic world
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12
Q

What is Culture?

A

Burke - shared attitudes and values

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13
Q

What is empire?

A

territorial expansion over socially and culturally diverse subjects

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14
Q

Primary sources on Papal authority

A

Dictates of the Pope 1090 - princes kiss feet
- imperial insignia

Innocent 111- Paul had been given authority over the world ( watt says over secular world too)

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15
Q

Fulcher

A

Levant now united by faith - Ellenblum settle in rural areas

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16
Q

Lewis

A
  • minority in their own kingdom so must use local elites

(unlike Seleucids and Ptolemics who have Greek elites)

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17
Q

Politics of difference

A
  • Burbank and cooper
  • Smail - keep to assert themselves e.g. Persians
  • dhimmi system?
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18
Q

Halperin

A

Have to consul ideological difference to exist

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19
Q

Finn

A

Bishintu Inscription - trilinqual - 520’s

  • To show king Darius in a cosmic way (very high up so mediator between God and man)
  • creates hierarchy in order of language
  • Akkadian, Old Persian and elamite
  • way of asserting legitimacy
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20
Q

Hay

A
  • Roman soldiers not roman
  • St. Augustine (abandons Hellenistic science) says to separate from world and these values shared in Christendom e.g. hard work
  • Latin for Prayer and Praise
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21
Q

Expeditions of Alexander the Great

A
  • 334 crosses agean to conquer Asia minor, Syria and Egypt (battle of the Issus 333)
  • Then 332 Persian (Gaugamela)
  • 327 - Indus valley ( Trying to outdo Dionysus)
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22
Q

When did the Persians Sack Athens

A

480 BC

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23
Q

Importance of hereditary?

A
  • Philip instils revenge on Alexander

- Hamilcar instils revenge on Hanniball

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24
Q

332?

A

Battle of Gaugemela

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25
Q

Alexander the Great and Culture

A
  • Maries officials to Persian women
  • Makes palace and Babylon
  • Obeisance/ Prokenysis - officials have to prostrate in front of king (Persian)
  • Outrage from Greeks and Macedonians especially Callisthenes who believed for Gods only
  • 324 - sacrifices and Troy
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26
Q

Arian

A
  • soldiers grumble at his continuing

- uses manliness to encourage them e.g. bravery, no exhaustion, end goal of prowess

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27
Q

Polybius on Roman Constitution

A

Cyclical
Democracy, Kingship and aristocracy are the best mix
Senate and Two Consuls answerable to people

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28
Q

Rome’s Success?

A
  • Competition for consuls
  • military
  • citizenship
  • Manpower through alliances
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29
Q

examples of roman alliance

A
  • 273 with Carthage against king Pyrrhus
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30
Q

What shows early connections between Greeks and romans

A
  • Pyrgi golden tablets to god Ashtaret

- in Etruscan and Punic

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31
Q

Harris

A
  • Polybius - spare no one so create a state of terror
  • geographical position on Tiber
  • Slave trade - frees up labourers to fight so man power
  • disciplined population who believe they gain from it
  • all aristocracy are military - shows honour and power and militaristic nature (conquest is for prowess like Polybius says)
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32
Q

Pedersen

A
  • Vikings are an empire

- Like Hamalainen says Comanche (18thc) were a kinetic empire with imperial flexibility but control over key resources

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33
Q

Frankish Prayer

A

Oh god free us from the wild Northman people who devastate our kingdoms

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34
Q

What calls Vikings plunderes?

A

Annals of Xanten

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35
Q

Jesch

A
  • Cultural homogeneity rooted in common language over the geographical distance
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36
Q

Hadrill

A
  • Tourists? e.g. settlement in L’Anse aux meadows or Kiev
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37
Q

what does Italias bull symbolise?

A

fight against rome

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38
Q

Why did the Italian threat become unreal after the social war?

A

integration

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39
Q

when was the social war

A

91-88BC

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40
Q

Who says citizenship was ‘longer for’

A

Diodorous

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41
Q

Dates from death of Gracchus until Sulla

A

133-88

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42
Q

What does Imperator mean in Classical Antiquity

A

Honouree titles given to soldiers when extending territory

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43
Q

133-120

A

Gracchus brothers try to redistribute land

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44
Q

when did Bilingualism begin?

A

1bc (and Greek for overseas)

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45
Q

Details of Marius and Sulla

A

88-80 BC - Sulla kills 10,000 of marius loyals

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46
Q

Triumvate

A

60-50 between Pompay, Creaser and Crasus

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47
Q

Ceaser’s rise and Fall

A

power in 48Bc
Becomes dictator for 10 years
Murdered 44 and Octavian is adopted heir

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48
Q

What happens in Atium

A

30-32 War between Mark Antony for Octavian

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49
Q

Who thinks the Republic fell because of Ambition?

A

Syme

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50
Q

Meier

A

Structure wasn’t working

Ceaser and Augustus form alternative political system

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51
Q

Gruen

A

Civil Wars- violence justifies monarchy?

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52
Q

Why Did Italins fear Grachus reforms?

A

feared they would lose land tht was rightfully theirs

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53
Q

Gabba

A

aspirations of Italian commercial elite

want citizenship in order to gain advantages in market

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54
Q

Why does Bispham disagree with Gabba

A
  • Campania did not lead the revolt despite numerous traders
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55
Q

Bispham on Citezenship

A

push for citizenship enough that they stop trying and go for independence
Why would you fight for citizenship from enemies?
Attempt to establish new order? run by magistrates and councils

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56
Q

What was the rebel coinage in the Rome Social war

A

Bull gorging wolf

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57
Q

What happened to those who were loyal in the Social War

A

they were enfranchised if they surrendered

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58
Q

When doe the nation of manliness begin to change

A

Augustus - prefers to be seen as civic man than military

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59
Q

why is 23BC relevant

A

Imperium Maius - greater power than magistrates

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60
Q

What can Augustus do as Imperium Maius

A
  • Veto bills and stop executions

- nominates candidates for elections

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61
Q

Benefits of Augustus 23 reforms

A
  • more opuuriunity to become consul
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62
Q

What does Cassius Dio think of this reofm

A

Augustus has given himself consul powers for ever

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63
Q

What was the Pater Patriae title

A

Farther of the Fatherland
Family man e.g. harsh laws against adultery- even outlaws own daughter Julia for it
women hold more power e.g. Livia
blurs public and private life

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64
Q

Who calls Augustus a Passive Emperor

A

Miller

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65
Q

What shift can be seen under Pax Augusta?

A

No military expansion but favouring of arts and Culture

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66
Q

Edict of Milan

A

313AD

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67
Q

Edict of Milan

A

313AD - legitimizes all religions does not make Christianity the religion of empire

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68
Q

Eusbius

A
  • Constantine as a new kind of empire
  • pious
  • purpose is to edify
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69
Q

Who were the two emperors that persecuted Christians

A

Decius and Diocletian

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70
Q

What happens under Diocletian

A

More authoritarian governemtn and army as senate loses power

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71
Q

Cyprian on the Crisi of emperors

A

Lost firm control and were only ruling for short periods

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72
Q

Economic problems in 3rd century

A

Exhaustion of mines and decline in craftsmanship

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73
Q

Cassius Dio what if army had stayed disciplined?

A

Sasannid empire would not have asked for provinces

74
Q

Herodian

A

Threat of Germans and Sasannid empire becomes to the very existence

75
Q

Salus

A

Christians refuse to Sacrifice for the emperor effecting the empire

76
Q

what starts of the Crisis

A

End of Antonine dysnasty

77
Q

When was Decius Decree for Sacrfice?

A

249 AD

78
Q

Rives

A

Universal measure but effect Christians most
Hardly oblivious to this so anti Christian measure
No reason for sacrifice at the time of decree

79
Q

Diocletians actions against Christians

A

Ban Public meetings and annexes land

80
Q

Religion of Rome - Pax Decrum

A

Local polities have own religions- co-ordinated observation of certain occasions about deity not individuals

81
Q

Results according to Rives

A

Still multiplicity
creates martyrs
ties of individual to empire

82
Q

Great persecution

A

303-311 under Dioceltian

83
Q

Not all martyrs e.g. man who gets his brother to sacrifice instead

A

luijendijk

84
Q

What does Copres’s reliance on a pagan friend show?

A

They were not socially isolated

85
Q

Key points about conversion of an empire

A
  • not opportunistic - most Christians in eastern not western
  • singles out bishops - no longer be put to death
  • founds Vatican
  • Anti - pagan legislation - e.g. banning of sacrifice (hard coercion to convert)
  • Soft coercion - give offices
  • Julian was only following emperor who wasn’t a Christian
  • Theodosius 380’s destroys temples
86
Q

What is orthopraxy and Orthodoxy

A 
praxy = right actions 
doxy = right beliefs
87
Q

Diocletian to Constantine?

A

Diocletian replaced by the two junior tetrarchs
Constantius and Galenius - the idea that the best should rule
Constantine thinks he should rule as heir

88
Q

Timothy Barnes

A
  • religion of emperor trickles down

- 324 edicts which break down sacrifice and melt cult statues

89
Q

325 AD

A

Council of Nicaea

90
Q

Christianity and fall of empire

A

GIBBON (atheist)

  • not taking up arms - (Tertullian - best soldiers because of steadfastness)
  • lack of patriotism
  • next world
91
Q

Augustine of Hippo

A
  • empire is not plan of God

- transient world which is insignificant (Hay)

92
Q

Battle of Adrianople

A

Goths vs romans in 378AD

93
Q

Visigoth treaty

A

382- Goths given Balkans - never done before (signs of appeasement?)

94
Q

What date did the Goths sack Rome?

A

410AD

95
Q

Odavacar

A

476AD replaces Romulus

96
Q

Reasons for fall?

A

-Peter Heather - the Huns (close ties with settles peoples In order to gain food and water)

97
Q

Why were nomadic armies superior to settled?

A

Flexibility and speed - rapid appearing and disappearing

98
Q

Perceptions of nomads (Greco roman)

A
  • not settled so not human
  • Eurasian Steppe - scythians, Mongols, Turks, Huns and Khzars
  • Greek and Romans don’t think they are empires
  • weak collective identity e.g. no customs
  • control not tax
  • Roman generals use as auxillary trops
99
Q

Byzantines empires relations with huns

A
  • pays tribute to stay out until 450AD
  • 450 lose to Rome on Catalonian fields ( still have military superiority)
  • but 453 atilla dies and all his empire explodes - collective identity
100
Q

Ambrose

A
  • Dominoes effect - all barbarians seek new ground and move into Rome (no leader and no pay to keep them at bay)
101
Q

Were Huns nomadic?

A

Yes- admin - no religious identity/ ethnic
- control people not territory

No - economy

  • dependent on tribute
  • dependent on sedentary people
  • only elites on horseback
102
Q

Avars

A

Longevity because sedentary admin
Sack Carthage in 626
Defeated only in 800’s by Charlemagne

103
Q

Changing ideas of a male ( Nathan )

A

Cicero - Roman Strenght and courage in war
- 1 BCE aristocrats no longer partake in war
Augustus redirects into provate sphere e.g. how you act in the household
but 540’s return to Justinian on horse killing barbarians
stays same legal code - abdar and justinian

104
Q

Who does Claudian Idealise?

A
  • Stilicho
  • Jutsitce Patience
  • Emphasis on morals/ best
  • stilichio not roman (half barbarian)
    and tatrachs nominated by who was the best not paternity
    -
105
Q

Severus

A
  • focused on heaven
  • self control (continuity e.g. livy on Hannibal and plutarch on alexander)
    prayfullness
    merciful
    not looking for remeberance among men ( how alexander persuades army to continue (arian))
106
Q

Reforms of Maximillian

A
  • anti militarization
  • ## e.g. Christian symbol replaces pagan
107
Q

Tertullian

A
  • Christians were best soldiers because of steadfastness

- flight was unmanyly

108
Q

Ambrose of Milan

A
  • still heavenly army (military idea still important)

- but spiritual weapons not military

109
Q

Levi Roach

A
  • Charlemagnes reforms were eschatological?
  • Otto III and legend of the last emperor
  • Augustine of Hippo and year 1000
  • no specific reference so difficult to tell
110
Q

Primary sources on Otto III

A
  • Body still intact
  • dream told him to raise him up
  • Daniel 7 and idea of beasts (Persian, Babylonian, Roman and Greek 4 empires would rise and fall - already reached roman which was beast with claws
  • Satan would be bound for 1000 years
  • Interest in Chalemagnes cross - antichrist
111
Q

What renovations of Rome in 998?

A

return of lead bull instead of wax seal
4 constituent parts paying tribute
- But plans don’t hault in last year?

112
Q

What does precopius say about Justinian

A
  • emperor that never sleeps

-

113
Q

Refoms

A

corpus civilius
hagai Sophia
endless peace with Persia to try get west back (540 broken)

114
Q

Theodoras influecne

A

Stop sale of children

tax evasion and corruption

115
Q

Justinian - Roman?

A

yes- conquests
building and anceitn texts
depictied on horse with barbarians pleadeing

No - Christian legal code

  • shuts down debate on it
  • imposes will on curch to point of kidnapping pope
  • doesn’t go on military campaigns
  • cultural imperialism e.g. missionaries
116
Q

john the Lydian

A
  • exclusion of old elites - end of imperial elites?
117
Q

3rd c c

A
  • first loss of land e.g. gaul and Syria
    inflation
    silver in circulation coing 50-5 per cent
118
Q

Causes 3 cc

A

Batlle on the rhine and danube

plagues - population decree

119
Q

Charlemagnes coins

A

Christian one side imperial other (latin)

120
Q

Background to charmlemagen

A

Pope Leo names him king 800

Restores empire to the west

121
Q

Merovingian coin

A

Dressed as a roman empire, moustache
c.650
Church ans cross on other side- Christianity has now become empire (not just part of it like in Constantines time)
- Nickname is Daniel (modelled on old kings in bible)

122
Q

International Renaissance

A

Under Hcarlemagne
Palace of Ingelheim (Ermold) - portrait of Alexander the Great
Legendary correspondants between king of Brahmins and Alexander the Great

123
Q

Moustache

A

Copying barbarian king - Theodoric king of the ostrogtohs

Breaking away from past cultures

124
Q

Einhard

A

Worships leader

St. Augustine s City of God on earth

125
Q

Opus Caroli

A

Interest in Christian Doctrine
Royal Edicts enforce Christian Behavoir
Against Council of Nicea 878 who approved worshiping of images
Pope Hadrian Disaproves of it

126
Q

Structure of Carolingian empire

A

No capital - rural

no tax

127
Q

Ruler without Revenue

A 
Demands Gifts - Abul Abaz 
No standing army 
No beareaucracy 
no elites e.g. soldiers and Civil service 
Ideolgical allignement
128
Q

Counts in Charlemgen

A

Tenancy
Local power e.g. duke john and corruption
Comradery- he hunts with them
patronage - personal connections

129
Q

m. Innes on Charlemagen

A

no division between public life an private e.g. rulers charged with moral and social order
Einhard says chrisitianity I core of admin
Legal system still important e.g. Neustrian court to mediate struggles
Status of Law and emphasis on written gov
Innes- Universal oaths to the king (same as Islamic empire (individual loyalty) - heirachy where king is always at the top

130
Q

Social Mobility

A

Ancient - competition for consulships

Holy Roman EMpire- Charlemagne through campaigning

131
Q

Missi dominici

Vissi dominici

A

Personal service at palace

Sevice abroad

132
Q

Innes on power

A

Holding public faith = power in Charlemagnes kingdom

133
Q

Spillings Hoard

And Salme Ship Burials

A

70kg of silver

14,500 coins from Iraq from Khazar empire

134
Q

The Rus

A

Originigla settlement in Russia

300 oval broaches found in Russia

135
Q

Norse belifes

A

Not Greco-Roman tradition

Norse e.g. THor and Odon

136
Q

when was the Viking empire

A

700-1000

137
Q

Depiction of Justinian - mosaic from s. Vitale

A

halo around his head

no militaristic characteritics

138
Q

Barlett

A

black is homogeniser - end of empires

No more continuity with old

139
Q

First Emperor of Holy ROman Empire

A

f. Barabossa

140
Q

Ways the Holy roman empire expands

A

Mariage e.g. to Siclcily
Crusading into Lithuania
Kings in Empire - one ruler

141
Q

Tacitus on germans

A

use to contraat what a civilised man is e.g. barbarians less able to bear labourious work

142
Q

Why does tacitus praise barbarians?

A

Marigge is honourable (what augustus shifts towards)

143
Q

Spain in the Middle Ages - Mackay

A

Ferdinand 111 come to terms with giving infidels a place in Christianity
Christian scholars respect muslims
School of translators at Toledo
Aculturation experienced differently e.g. Expensive stone needed for Romanesqu churches only in some places
there is no god but allah next to Christian texts

144
Q

Thoecracy

A

God elected domination e.g. Caliph

Not latin Christianity because none could claim complete authority

145
Q

Crusades

A

16th century French
Indulgences - good works to save the dead
Internal against Heretics

146
Q

Albegensian CrusADE

A 
Innocent III
Cathars in SW Fracne 
Orders of the Preachers
1209 (4th Latern Council 1215)
Massacre of Beziers
147
Q

661-750

A

Umyadd Caliphate followed by Abasid

148
Q

Mongol Empire

A

1206-1368 (ghengis Khan and Rapid expansion)

149
Q

Hagai Sophia

A

6th Century

like Pantheon

150
Q

Wallerstein

A

the modern world system - core periphery theory (like dependency theory)

151
Q

Black Sea Slave TRade

A

Genoese

152
Q

S. Menache

A

exclusion of Muslims leads to conversion to Christianity

e.g. Better access to law

153
Q

Andrew Buck

A

Heirachy in the levant e.g. greeks and Christians then Jews and Saracens etc.

154
Q

Crusades begin

A

speech of Clarement 1095
Urban II
Take levant back from Muslims
goal to capture jersulalem

155
Q

Capture of Jerusalem

A

1099
Don’t stop (e.g. Tyre in 1924)
GOdfrey of Bouillon becomes king of Jerusalem

156
Q

Motivayions?

A

economic? Lords such as Godfrey of Bouillon?
Majority were younger sons who didn’t have land in England
WOth it? have to pay for troops and land
Love? - Smith

157
Q

4 Polities in the Levant

A

Principality of Antioch
Jerusalem 1099
County of Edessa
County of TRipoli

158
Q

Seljuk Expeditions

A

1108, 1111 and 1113

159
Q

zengi

A

1140’s
Sunni
Counter Crusade - Get back County of Edessa

160
Q

Nur- Ad Din

A

son

Damascus and Syria Recapture in 1154

161
Q

La Monte

A

Overbearing Nobility in Levant

162
Q

Norman Rebellions

A

1070’s and 1080’s

163
Q

Principle Charges of William

A

Law, Tax, Cathedrals (e.g. Durham), Churches, and Nobles

164
Q

Norma Taxes

A

1087-88 Domseday Book

165
Q

Roger II

A

Scicily claims lands and confirmed by the Popes

Crownedwith Byzantine crown - legacy

166
Q

Strayer on Scicily under normans

A

Well administered, completely controlled by its ruler

earliest origins of modern state

167
Q

Le potounel

A

Lacked emperor
Feudalism
But sovereign focus of power
several ethnic groups

168
Q

Bartlett

A

Colony should imply political dependency

169
Q

Normans and cultural imperialism?

A

No attempt to homogenise e.g. scilily 1149 tombstone with 4 languages

170
Q

Goals of Gregory

A 
Celebate relations (stop inheriting)
End Symony ( paying for offices)
Clerical Celibacy
171
Q

Investiture Crisis

A

Henry IV vs Gregory VII
1075
Cansaa 1077 begs to be unexcommunicated in the snow

172
Q

About Innocent III

A

Create Papal States
1160
Makes Theory reality e.g. taxes instead of charity and tytthes

173
Q

Bisson

A

first crisis of the new world in the making

174
Q

Stauffer

A

Leyser- return to period before independent papacy - rule becomes decentralised
e.g. Frederick II Unites empire (e.g. marries constance of scicily) but ignores innocent

175
Q

Was stauffer different from other polities?

A

Gorich - no empire run on consensus politics

176
Q

c10

A

imperial gov largely recuited from bishops

177
Q

690’s

A

Caliph imposes Arabic so all speek - at expense of greek

178
Q

Payne

A

divide and rule in Arab army

179
Q

Cunnlife

A

raiding

180
Q

Pirenne

A

subjugation and obedience contrasts to Theodoric who saught to serve

181
Q

Treatise on the art of governemnt

A

diginified - Seljuk sunni
Evryone answerable
irreproachable in religion

Empire- Ancient and MEdieval (1 decks)

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