Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

Question 1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

involves what 2 major disorders?

Answer 1

Emphysema

Chronic bronchitis

Question 2

Obstructive airway disease is characterized by an ______ in resistance to airflow due to partial or complete obstruction at any bronchial level

Answer 2

increase

Question 3

how is obstructive airway disease characterized by?

Answer 3

an increase in resistance to airflow due to partial or complete obstruction at any bronchial level

Question 4

In Obstructive airway disease, Less air exits lungs per unit time (↓ FEV1) but _____ is unchanged (normal FVC)

Answer 4

total volume

Question 5

In Obstructive airway disease, Patients demonstrate limited maximal airflow rates during _____(reduced FEV1 with spirometry)

Answer 5

forced expiration

Question 6

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Chronic Inflammation

Chronic cell-mediated inflammatory disorders involves activation of what cells and release of what cells?

Answer 6

Activated T cells, macrophages and neutrophils

Release of cytokines (leukotriene B4, TNF)

Question 7

Chronic cell-mediated inflammatory disorders

Includes variable degrees of what two things?

Answer 7

1. Inflammatory mucous secretion

2. Tissue remodeling and fibrosis due to cycles of phagocyte lysosomal protease release and subsequent tissue repair

Question 8

Activated macrophages and neutrophils secrete _____ enzymes and oxygen free radicals

Answer 8

lysosomal

Question 9

Lysosomal proteases are normally inhibited by circulating protease inhibitors, e.g., ______- (produced in liver)

Answer 9

α1-antitrypsin

Question 10

Oxygen free radicals from activated phagocytes or conditions of oxidant stress (e.g., smoking) inactivate______

Answer 10

α1-antitrypsin

Question 11

what inactivated α1-antitrypsin?

Answer 11

Oxygen free radicals from activated phagocytes or conditions of oxidant stress (e.g., smoking)

Question 12

Prolonged activation of _______ results in inflammation and remodeling of alveolar walls

Answer 12

lysosomal enzymes

Question 13

what does Prolonged activation of lysosomal enzymes result in?

Answer 13

inflammation and remodeling of alveolar walls

Question 14

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are also known as_______

Answer 14

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 15

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Affects the alveoli and terminal bronchioles and results in

Answer 15

emphysema

Question 16

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Affects the bronchioles and results in

Answer 16

bronchiolitis

Question 17

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Affects the bronchioles and or larger airways and results in

Answer 17

bronchitis

Question 18

primary cause of COPD

Answer 18

cigarette smoking

Question 19

genetic cause of COPD

Answer 19

α1-antitrypsin deficiency

Question 20

Asthma is also a chronic obstructive inflammatory disease of the lungs that
Primarily affects the _____ (e.g., bronchi)

Answer 20

large airways

Question 21

what is known as reversible airway hyperreactivity

Answer 21

Asthma