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BVetMed - Animal Welfare > Empathic Response to Stress > Flashcards

Empathic Response to Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Define emotional empathy [ALWAYS GIVE DEFINITION BEFORE DISCUSSING EMPATHY]

A

Edgar 2012 - Occours when one individual (observer) detects the emotional response of another individual (demonstrator) in response to a stimulus, triggering a matching emotional response in the observer

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2
Q

Define cognitive empathy [ALWAYS GIVE DEFINITION BEFORE DISCUSSING EMPATHY]

A

Edgar 2012 - Occours when the matching emotional response results from the observers comprehending the demonstrators perspective, even if this differs from its own

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3
Q

Which kinds of behaviours are shown in cognitive empathy?

A

Helping and consolidation

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4
Q

Which animals have been shown to demonstrate cognitive empathy?

A

Great apes

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5
Q

Give an example of cognitive empathy. What was the flaw with this study?

A

De Waall 1996 - Chimpanzees subjects to serious aggression are contacted more frequently by a third party.
Stress physiology was not measured so a slightly subjective account of “serious aggression.”

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6
Q

What is mental state attribution?

A

Fully adopting anthers perspective
Requires mentalization
- Great apes may have it

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7
Q

What did Allport 1968 state?

A

The process of empathy remains a riddle in social psychology

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8
Q

What is the ultimate and proximate reasoning for demonstration of empathy?

A

Ultimate basis - enables group living, mother offspring bond - evolved because adaptive
Proximate basis - Percpetion-Action Model (PAM)
Mirror neurones
Hormones

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9
Q

Who proposed the Perception-Action Model (PAM) of empathy? What is it?

A

Preston and De Waall 2002

  • Perception of an affective state in another activates the observers own neural substrates for the corresponding state
  • Implies there is no one specific area of the brain responsible for “empathy”
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10
Q

Who discovered mirror neurones? What are they?

A

Rizzolatti 1990s in Macaques

  • Cells in the brain fire not only when we perform an action but when we watch another perform the same action
  • may have a role in empathy, theory of mind, imitation and language
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11
Q

When may mirror neurones be found to be dysfunctional?

A

Autistic people (autistic spectrum disorder ASD)

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12
Q

Other than primates, which animal has demonstrated similar mirror neurone function?

A

Swamp swallow 2008 when listening to another bird sing

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13
Q

How may empathy be controlled hormonally?

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Socially motivated learning
  • Men given OT, empathy levels = untreated women
  • Causal relationship between OT and affiliative behaviour in prairie voles and primates
  • BUT conflicting results in mice - injection with OT did not ^ approach behaviour towards a conspecific in pain
    (Hurlemann 2010)
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14
Q

What 4 features modulate empathy?

A
  1. Familiarity/similarity
    - similar morphology/same sex - ^ empathy
  2. Past experience
    - humans have higher empathy to others being socked if they have been shocked previously
  3. Learning
    - Association of empathic response with a stimulus (ASD treatment?)
  4. Cue salience
    - Attention and empathy should be focused towards tumuli that require a response.
    - Imparied senses may v likelihood of empathic response
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15
Q

How does empathic processing differ between sexes?

A

Schulte-Rutheris 2008

  • women rely on mirror neurones during empathic response
  • men rely on cognitive strategy during empathic processing
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16
Q

How does empathic processing differ between social and non-social species?

A

Not known.. even non-social come together to mate and provide parental care so may still be present
- Social and non-social voles provide potential for study

17
Q

What is social buffering?

A

Amelioration of demonstrator distress caused by the presence of an observer

18
Q

How may anecdotal accounts of animal empathy be explained?

A

Ulterior motives

19
Q

Give 4 ways of measuring empathy

A
  1. Behavioural response
    - Time budget / approach / proximity / condition suppression
  2. Physiological response
    - Stress parameters eg. HR
  3. Pain modulation
    - Exaccerbated pain responses?
  4. Preference tests
    - Do animals avoid stimuli/environments associate with stressed conspecifics?
20
Q

Give a study supposedly showing empathy in rats. What are its limitations?

A

=Church 1959
- Conditioned suppression when a conspecific being shocked
- Greater decrease in lever pressing when individual had previously been shocked themselves
> Limitations may be due to peripheral features of shock equipment eg. Noise/smell of shock
= Rice 1962, 1964
- Rats highly motivated to press a bar to lower a conspecific that had been hoisted up (need for social contact? bored?)
- BUT no motivation to press a bar and stop electric shock - Fear response only shown

21
Q

What is pro-social behaviour?

A

Actions intended to benefit another

22
Q

What were the flaws with the 2011 pro-social behaviour in rats study?

A
  • Rat in box not distressed
  • Could be need for social contact/inquistative
  • Show no signs of fear of box after demonstrator released
23
Q

Give a study showing maternal response to pain and distress in rats.

A

Walker 2003

- Rat pups groomed more if pups were subjected to pain when removed from cage than when subjected to control

24
Q

Give a study showing modulation of pain behaviour in mice

A

Langford 2006

  • Mice showed ^ pain behaviours if injected in the presence of a CAGEMATE who had PREVIOUSLY been injected with the same pain inducing substance
  • compared with in isolation and with a non-injects conspecific
25
Q

Outline a study on stress in farm animals. What are the limitations?

A

Annil 1996, 1997
Observer animals HR monitor and catheter for stress indicators
Harnessed and witnessed a conspecific being stunned and slaughtered
- Apparently no effect on heart rate or blood parameters
> Ceiling effect? Parameters already so high cannot increase?
- Another study = are ewe affect by castration and tail docking of their lambs? - don’t know results

26
Q

What did Edgar 2011 study?

A

Mother hens affected by distress of chicks

  • Significant ^HR and ^alert an vocalising
  • v Peripheral temperarure and v preening
27
Q

What are the two components of emotion? Which is usually studied?

A

Arousal and valence
- Arousal usually studied using stress physiology etc.
Valence most important - defining feature of all states considered to be emotional or affective (Russell 2003)

28
Q

What are the potentially confiding variables of empathy studies?

A
  • observer animals restraint/invasive measurement of parameters -> distress
  • Observer stressed directly by apparatus or same cause of conspecific distress
  • Difficult to tell apart own distress due to testing procedure and empathic response

BVetMed - Animal Welfare (19 decks)

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