Emotions midterm 2

Question 1

Dopamine

Answer 1

Shiota and colleagues argue that dopamine is the foundation of positive emotions.

Dopamine release and activation in the nucleus accumbens increase in response to pleasure food, opportunity for sex, and conditioned neutral stimuli that have been repeatedly paired with food, sex, or rewarding drugs.

Question 2

nucleus accumbens (NAC)

Answer 2

part of the reward pathway in the brain; located in forebrain just beneath prefrontal cortex.

it is rich in dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter pathways and has long been thought central to the experience of positive effect.

Question 3

Edward Muybridge

Answer 3

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex

Trouble with empathy and coldness.

Question 4

GABA and Serotonin

Answer 4

They both inhibit the activation of the emotion systems.
GABA’s big role in the body is to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain and central nervous system, which in turn has a broad range of effects on the body and mind, including increased relaxation, reduced stress, a more calm, balanced mood, alleviation of pain, and a boost to sleep.

Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression.
It is believed to help regulate mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function.

Question 5

Old”/Mammalian brain

Answer 5

the limbic system developed to support emotions that allow for mammals’ increasing solidarity.

Study: when large parts of the limbic system in wild monkey were removed, the wild monkeys, normally aggressive, would become docile, hypersexual, disinhibited and approach everything without fear.

Question 6

Difference between Awe in interdependent culture and independent culture

Answer 6

interpersonal in china and more self-focused in US

Question 7

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 7

It is a neuropeptide for trust, good will.

It is involved in the lactation, maternal bonding, and sexual interaction, care. Blocking oxytocin prevents maternal behavior, empathy, generosity, gaze at the faces and memory for faces.
In primate, injections of oxytocin have led to increases in the frequency of touching and watching infants and decreases in aggressive yawns and facial threats.

Question 8

It is produced in the hypothalamus and released into both the brain and blood stream.

Answer 8

Oxytocin

Question 9

Reduce the pain responses.
When it is injected into the brain of rodents, distress vocalizations associated with mammalian separation and grief are dramatically reduced.

Answer 9

Opioids

Question 10

What do Opioids do

Answer 10

Opioids are involved during experience of savoring and liking things. It also reduced Panic and associated feelings of sadness, distress, and loneliness.

Question 11

Traumatic injury patient studies

Answer 11

Trauma leads to the diminished activity of the higher regions of the brain, thus releasing the lower from inhibition.

Question 12

It is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 12

central nervous system

Question 13

A second family of neurochemicals in the brain. Many of these are peptides, or sequences of amino acids, which influence the activation of neurotransmitters.

Answer 13

neuromodulators/ neuropeptides

Question 14

They are small protein-like molecules used by neurons to communicate with each other. They are neuronal signalling molecules that influence the activity of the brain and the body in specific ways.

Answer 14

Neuropeptides

Question 15

Are released from the synapses of neurons and diffuse in million of seconds across the tiny synaptic gaps between cells to activate or inhibit receiving neurons.

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters

Question 16

A way of regulating emotions, which results in increased blood pressure and reduces rapport; habitual practicers of this are more vulnerable to depression.

Answer 16

Emotion suppression

Question 17

Assumptions of the constructivist perspective

Answer 17

First, emotions do not fall into discrete categories.
Second, emotions are based on core affect, based on a primary appraisal dimension of goodness or badness, with an orthogonal dimension of energization or lassitude.

Question 18

What is Constructivist perspective?

Answer 18

William James thought that emotions are perceptions of inner physiological processes so that there are many ways of experiencing and talking about them.

Question 19

What is experience sampling?

Answer 19

It is a self report scale that measures tendencies toward global positive and negative moods, distinct positive emotions like awe, love, and compassion.

Question 20

What are Adjective checklists?

Answer 20

Sets of adjectives that are synonyms of emotions and moods.

Question 21

Cultural variations in language of emotion

Answer 21

Cultures vary in the number of words that represent emotions that vary extensively across cultures.

Researchers have identified 2000 emotion-related words in English, 750 in Taiwanese, 58 in Ifaluk in Polynesia, and 8 in the Chewong of Malaysia. These are words to describe: anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust.

Question 22

Why do people have less words to describe their emotions?

Answer 22

It is associated with being less aware of emotions, a paucity of fantasies, and a cognitive style oriented to outside events rather than to the inner world.

Question 23

people who have a narrower language of emotion, which means having a few words for emotions.

Answer 23

Alexithymia

Question 24

Component Process Model

Answer 24

We evaluate events in a sequence of appraisals. There is an unfolding of emotion as a function of specific appraisal components and emotional-related response.
understanding emotion is that people vary in their emotional appraisals and responses.

Question 25

Emotional complexity

Answer 25

It is variation of the language used to describe emotions. Some people differentiate emotion into a wide variety of categories and distinctions and they lead emotionally complex lives.

Question 26

Conceptualization

Answer 26

The use of words to describe emotion experiences. We interpret the experience with our ideas and notions about what caused the emotion.

Question 27

What are the three categories of Emotion Lexicon?

Answer 27

Prototypes, Scripts and Metaphors.

Question 28

It involves the differences and similarities of the emotion and its shifts from one emotion to another.

Answer 28

dimensional approach- Phoebe ellsworth

Question 29

Nico Frijda

Answer 29

when an appraisal is made, we are prompted to readiness for a certain mode of action or interaction, appropriate to what has happened. He called the mode Ur-emotions.

Question 30

Core relational theme

Answer 30

It is the core meaning associated to an emotion. For example: anxiety is caused by an existential threat.

Question 31

An automatic and unconscious appraisal occurs in different emotions, each which sets the brain into mode adapted to deal with an recurring situation. it is seen in a secondary appraisal.

Answer 31

action readiness

Question 32

The fact that bad events or stimuli affect us more strongly than good stimulus. Presented when a child is about 7 months old.

Answer 32

negativity bias

Question 33

A person appraises the events in terms of is relevance to goals. If an event is relevant, it is appraised as to whether it is congruent or incongruent with a goal.
Goal-congruent events –> positive emotions.
Goal- incongruent events –> negative emotions.

Answer 33

discrete approach- Richard Lazarus

Question 34

Secondary appraisal

Answer 34

It is also called second movement. These provide more deliberative, conscious, complex assessments to decide what to think and what to do about what has happened.

Question 35

Primary appraisal

Answer 35

“first movements” of emotions and “automatic evaluation.”

Question 36

Emotion lexicon

Answer 36

Different words to describe an emotion, which can be organized into categories at different levels.