Emotions

Question 1

Aggleton and Mishkin, 1986

Answer 1

Amygdala activation is associated with subjective reports of negative and positive info
Amygdala receives info from modality specific brain areas (E.G. visual and auditory cortices) - Amygdala places emotional emphasis on the info coming from these regions
Amygdala outputs to subcortical regions are associated with producing emotional behaviour and bodily reactions (E.G. links to the hypothlamus can trigger the HPA axis)
Removing amygdala from monkeys caused them to be emotionally flat

Question 2

Adolphs et al., 1998

Answer 2

People with damage to both amygdala show abnormally high levels of trust towards threatening faces - amygdala damage may be due to inability to extract fear information

Question 3

Hennonlotter et al., 2005

Answer 3

Amygdala also activated in response to positive faces

Question 4

Adolphs et al., 2009

Answer 4

People with amygdala damage fail to attend to fear related cues - inability to attend to salient cues in the environment

Question 5

Carlessen et al., 2004

Answer 5

Amygdala mediates the link between non-modality specific brain areas (E.G. PFC), advanced cognitive processing and emotional significance by enhancing or inhibiting the emotional significance of certain cognitions

Question 6

Rosen and Schulkin, 1998

Answer 6

Amygdala has strong connections to hippocampus meaning it can use context to apply emotional significance to things

Question 7

Le Doux

Answer 7

Therapy works by strengthening the classic route and inhibiting the direct route so certain inputs are subject to more advanced analysis

Question 8

Siebert et al., 2003

Answer 8

Neural plasticity may allow people with degenerative diseases to adapt to functioning with a damaged amygdala more than patients who suffer sudden trauma to the amygdala

Question 9

Hermans et al., 2014

Answer 9

Amygdala is a nexus which supports different aspects of memory processing and emotionally arousing experiences

Question 10

LeDoux, 2000

Answer 10

Amygdala stores memory of fear associations

Question 11

Rogan et al., 1997

Answer 11

Neural plasticity in the basolateral complex of the amygdala is important for fear learning

Question 12

Roozendaal et al., 2009

Answer 12

Amygdala integrates with other brain regions to enhance emotional memory - Amygdala modulates the plasticity of other brain regions

Question 13

Scott et al., 1997

Answer 13

Amygdala receives auditory input - damage to the amygdala leads to impaired fear vocalisation

Question 14

Zald and Pardo, 1997

Answer 14

Amygdala receives olfactory input - activates in response to unpleasant olfactory stimuli

Question 15

Zald et al., 1998

Answer 15

Amygdala receives gustatory input - activates in response to gustatory stimuli

Question 16

Becker et al., 2001

Answer 16

Orexin and CCK (neurotransmitters) released in the amygdala and hippocampus increase anxiety

Question 17

Schacter and Singer, 1962

Answer 17

Two-Factor Somantic Theory

Question 18

Zajonc, 1980

Answer 18

Cognitive theory

Question 19

Ohman and Mineka, 2001

Answer 19

Fear Module - evolutionary theory

Question 20

Mineka and Ohman, 2002

Answer 20

Phobias cannot be eradicated despite the individual knowing that the phobia is irrational

Question 21

Ohman and Mineka, 2003

Answer 21

Explains common fear of snakes in humans

Question 22

Fox et al., 2007

Answer 22

Guns were noticed just as quickly as snakes - indicates relevance superiority effect rather than threat superiority effect

Question 23

Grezes et al., 2014

Answer 23

dMRI on 40 pps and found structural neural connections from the amygdala (basolateral and superficial subregions) to motor related areas (motor cingulate and primary motor cortices)

Question 24

Adolphs, 2010

Answer 24

Amygdala acts as part of a context dependent network which underlies social behaviour

Question 25

Groenewegen and Trimble, 2007

Answer 25

The basolateral complex regulates complex behaviours with the PFC and the ventral striatum

Question 26

Buhle et al., 2014

Answer 26

Meta-analysis of reappraisal neuroimaging studies
Reappraisal used cognitive control to modulate semantic representations and this reduced amygdala activity - emotions also effect the amygdala

Question 27

Fastenrath et al., 2014

Answer 27

fMRI on 586 healthy controls
Found the strength of the connection between the amygdala and the hippocampus increased during encoding of both positive and negative stimuli compared to neutral stimuli