Emotions

Question 1

Define:

the emotion of fear

Answer 1

Fear is a strong, intense, negative emotion produced in response to a real or perceived threat or stimuli.

Fear is a basic survival mechanism that detects danger and produces responses that will increase the chance of survival.

Question 2

Define:

the emotion of anxiety

Answer 2

Anxiety is an unpleasant emotion that can result without an identifiable stimulus; it is characterized by apprehension, distress, fear, and concern.

Question 3

Define:

the emotion of anguish

Answer 3

Anguish is a negative emotional response to danger that is vague but seems imminent; it is characterized by psychic discomfort, uneasiness, and a sense of powerlessness.

Anguish occurs in the form of attacks that are difficult to control.

Question 4

What is the major difference between anxiety and anguish?

Answer 4

Although anxiety and anguish are similar, anguish is always accompanied by physiological responses such as sweating, a racing heartbeat, a feeling of suffocating, and the shakes, while anxiety is not.

Question 5

Describe:

the behavioral response generated by fear

Answer 5

The behavioral response generated by fear is:

1. Stop what they are doing
2. Turn towards the threat
3. Assess the threat, while refraining from any action
4. Flee or hide
5. Fight (if fleeing is not an option)

This behavioral response is the same among all vertebrates.

Question 6

What brain structure is most responsible for producing and understanding emotions?

Answer 6

the amygdala

Question 7

Describe:

the shape and location of the amygdala

Answer 7

The amgydala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the anterior inferior temporal lobe of the brain, very close to the hippocampus.

Question 8

Describe the function of:

the amygdala in emotion processing

Answer 8

The amygdala are essential for decoding, generating, and perceiving emotions.

The amygdala receive many sensory inputs and send out many axonal projections to cause bodily responses or emotions.

Question 9

What are the major brain structures that project axons to the amygdala?

Answer 9

The major brain structures that project axons to the amygdala are the following:

1. The thalamus
2. The various sensory cortices
3. The hippocampus
4. The prefrontal cortex
5. The brainstem
6. The hypothalamus
7. The septum

Question 10

What are the major brain structures to which the amygdala projects its axons?

Answer 10

The major brain structures to which the amygdala projects its axons are the following:

1. The hippocampus
2. The prefrontal cortex
3. The hypothalamus
4. The thalamus
5. The brainstem
6. The septum

Question 11

Describe the function of:

the hippocampus in emotion processing

Answer 11

The hippocampus is involved with the emotions that accompany memories and the processing of multiple stimuli, making it possible to associate emotions with the entire context of a situation.

Question 12

Describe the function of:

the prefrontal cortex in emotion processing

Answer 12

The prefrontal cortex deals with the process of extinction, the voluntary planning of emotional responses, and the ability of humans to have conscious control over their emotions.

Question 13

Define:

extinction, as it relates to emotional responses

Answer 13

Extinction is the process by which a stimulus that triggers a conditioned emotional response gradually loses its effect.

Extinction is caused by the repeated presence of the feared stimuli without the initial unconditioned stimulus that originally produced the conditioned emotion.

Question 14

Describe the function of:

the ventral amygdalofugal pathway in emotion processing

Answer 14

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway is involved in conditioned learning, or associating particular stimuli with conditioned emotions.

This pathway emerges from the amygdala and projects to many other locations of the brain.

Question 15

Describe the function of:

the basal ganglia in emotion processing

Answer 15

The basal ganglia are involved in voluntary emotional activites, especially the active components of an emotion’s behavioral expression.

Question 16

What are the two pathways in which emotions can be processed?

Answer 16

1. The long route
2. The short route

Question 17

Describe:

the long route of emotion processing

Answer 17

The long route begins with an external stimulus, is routed to the thalamus, then to the appropriate sensory cortex, before finally reaching the amygdala, which produces an emotional response.

Because the long route involves the sensory cortex, the stimuli is consciously evaluated and assigned a meaning.

Question 18

Describe:

the short route of emotion processing

Answer 18

The short route begins with an external stimulus, is carried to the thalamus, then projected to the amygdala, which produces an emotional response.

Because the short route bypasses the sensory cortex, the emotional response is often imprecise and unwarranted.

Question 19

Describe the function of:

the primary sensory cortex in emotion processing

Answer 19

The primary sensory cortex is involved in the first conscious appraisal of an external stimuli, in which the stimuli’s basic properties are assessed.

Question 20

Describe the function of:

the unimodal association cortex in emotion processing

Answer 20

The unimodal association cortex is involved with the second method of conscious appraisal of an external stimuli, in which the amygdala is provided a representation of the stimuli.

Question 21

Describe the function of:

the polymodal association cortex in emotion processing

Answer 21

The polymodal association cortex is involved in the third aspect of conscious appraisal of an external stimuli, in which the stimuli is elaborately conceptualized and compared to explicit memories provided by the hippocampus.

Question 22

What is the main difference between the long and the short route of emotion processing?

Answer 22

The long route involves the sensory cortex, while the short route bypasses the cortex.

Question 23

What is the benefit of the long route of emotion processing?

Answer 23

The long route allows the body to consciously assess the presented stimuli and evaluate it as a possible threat, saving oneself from unwarranted negative emotions.

The negative aspect of the long route is that it takes more time for the body to react to the stimulus.

Question 24

What is the main benefit of the short route of emotion processing?

Answer 24

The short route allows the body to resond extremely quickly to an external stimuli that could be a possible threat.

The negative to the short route is that is causes the body to respond and react before consciously processing the stimuli, often resulting in unnecessary emotions.

Question 25

Why do children have less control over their emotions?

Answer 25

Children have less control over their emotions because even though the amygdala is developed, the axons that project from the cortex to the amygdala are not fully developed, and therefore children are heavily influenced by irrational emotions.