Emotions Flashcards
how is emotion defined?
4 aspects of emotions
1. physiological arousal - displays of somatic and autonomic responses, facial expressions (helps us respond in emergencies)
2. motivational programs - coordinated responses designed to solve specific tasks/achieve specific goals
3. actions - emotions cause us to do something
4. feelings - subjective labels placed on an emotional state
how does emotion develop in humans?
- show basic emotions at birth, show all basic emotions by 8 months, and achieve most emotions by age 3
- birth: distress and contentment
- 3 months: joy, sadness, disgust
- 4-8 months: anger, surprise, fear
- 18-24 months: self-awareness develops, ability to predict emotions of others, embarrassment, empathy, envy
- 2-3 years: become able to evaluate behaviour against a standard, pride, shame and guilt emerge
- lying is innate and only mitigated through social learning
how do facial expressions differ across cultures?
- cross-cultural similarity in emotional expression
- cross-cultural differences in display and interpreting emotional faces
- cultural differences may modulate facial expression of emotions, exaggerate or suppress
what is the paralinguistic theory?
- face is active as a communication channel, not just a reflection of internal emotions
- may help communicate and alert members of the group about important event
what is the folk psychology theory of emotion?
- stimulus -> perception -> emotion experienced -> pattern of autonomic arousal
- emphasizes that feelings and emotions always come before physiological arousal, in a linear sequence
what is the james-lange theory of emotion?
- stimulus -> perception -> pattern of autonomic arousal -> emotion experienced
- emotion provoking stimuli in environment cause the arousal first
- arousal leads to a perceived emotion
- sometimes difference emotions mediated by different patterns of arousalwh
what are some problems with the james-lange theory of emotion?
- physiological arousal can sometimes be similar across different emotions
- predicts that motions are entirely dependent on feedback from the body, which is not true
- people with spinal cord injuries can still experience emotions
what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?
- stimulus -> perception -> general autonomic arousal AND particular emotion experienced
- stimuli in environment cases simultaneous increase in arousal and perception of emotional experience
- brains sees stimulus and 1) decides which emotion is appropriate and 2) activates arousal systems
- proposed that both are independent and parallel pathways that don’t influence each other
how did schachter and singer test the emotion theories?
- two groups of subjects that received epinephrine
- one group was told they would feel increased arousal
- only those not warned of effect reported emotional experience (supports james-lange, not cannon-bard)
- particular emotion experienced could be altered depending on context
- happy confederate = happy subject
- counter to one idea of james-lange theory because arousal was same in both cases
how do beta-blockers affect emotion?
- drugs that block peripheral effect of epinephrine can reduce anxiety
- block B-receptors in the body but do not readily cross the blood brain barrier
- affect the body’s stress response but not the brains
what was the capilano suspension bridge experiment?
- male subjects met female confederate on suspension bridge (high arousal) or on stone bridge or office (low arousal)
- those on suspension bridge rated confederate as much more attractive
- more likely to call the confederate after the study
- interpreted as misattribution of arousal
what is schachter’s cognitive attribution model?
- emphasizes reciprocal interactions with all three factors, stimuli, autonomic arousal, and emotion
- proposed that arousal only adds intensity of emotion, does not distinguish between emotions
- more recent research suggests subtle differences in physiological arousal for emotions like fear and sadness
are there differences in emotional control for the right and left side of the brain?
- general perception is that the right hemisphere is more emotional than the left (not true)
- left hemisphere stroke damage = most depressive symptoms, frontal lobes most sensitive
- depressed patients show less activation in left frontal areas
- right hemisphere lesions = very cheerful
- similar effects with unilateral brain inactivation
- facial expressions of emotions emerge sooner and there are a greater magnitude on the left side of the face
what theory is there on the role of left and right hemispheres in emotion?
- anterior left is responsible for approach processes
- anterior right is responsible for withdrawal processes
- left frontal damage = anhedonia, less initiating behaviour
- right frontal damage = less withdrawal behaviour, less negative emotions
what happens if we remove an animal’s cortex?
- animals can burst into sudden undirected fits of intense rage
- stimulate subcortical regions can also trigger emotional, rage-like effect
- lesions to certain subcortical regions can reverse effect of cortex removal on sham rage
- conclusion: subcortical structures can regulate some emotions, direction and inhibition of emotions are controlled by cortex
what is kluver bucy syndrome?
- removal of temporal lobe in monkeys or other animals
- show lack of fear, strong oral tendencies, hypersexuality
- subsequent studies showed damage to amygdala is the main temporal region involved in the effects
- conclusion: amygdala is one subcortical region that regulates generation of some emotional responses
what is the papez circuit?
- also called the limbic system
- three main players…
1. hippocampus: memory centre (temporal lobe)
2. amygdala: mediates emotional responses, both autonomic and behavioural responses (temporal lobe)
3. prefrontal cortex: integrates inputs from temporal lobes and other regions to coordinate appropriate response (frontal lobes)
what happens when we have orbital/medial prefrontal cortex damage?
- normal emotional responses to intense stimuli, language, motor skills, IQ are unaffected
- impoverished affect, patients show inappropriate bursts of emotion
- inappropriate in social situations
- core deficit: impaired emotional regulation
- insensitive to emotional consequences of actions at the time, inability to view situations from different perspective
- psychopaths display reduced PFC activation, may explain lack of guilt/empathy
- more subtle deficits in sarcasm and humour
how did PFC lesions affect primates?
- disrupt social behaviour, decrease social interaction and dominance, altered social preference
- decreased motor, facial, vocal expressions
why do we remove the amygdala in some people?
- surgical removal to treat epilepsy
- urback-wiethe disease: genetic abnormality causing selective calcification of amygdala
what happens when the amygdala is damaged or removed?
- blunted affect and emotional responses, especially fear
- inability to distinguish fear faces
- disruption in generation of emotional responses to conditioned stimuli
- core deficit: inability to learn emotional significance of external events
how are the amygdala and PFC connected to control emotion?
- amygdala learns about stimuli related to what’s good or bad in the environment
- PFC interprets these signals and chooses appropriate course of action/inaction
- PFC can exert inhibitory influence over amygdala which may refine/suppress emotional responses generated by amygdala
how do PFC-amygdala interaction in emotional situations change over development?
- childhood/adolescence = increased amygdala and PFC activation
- adulthood = PFC shows greater activation, associated with reduced amygdala activation
- PFC gets better at inhibiting the amygdala as we age
- PFC gains greater control over subcortical emotion generators
what did we find when we took images of the emotional brain?
- subjects told to recall intense emotional episodes
- measured physiological arousal and imaged brain activation during different emotions
- physiological responses came before reporting an emotional reponses
- some brain regions are involved in different emotions
- different patterns of activation in multiple brain regions for different emotions
- there is not one emotional centre, multiple brain regions interact in different ways to process different emotions