Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

how is emotion defined?

A

4 aspects of emotions
1. physiological arousal - displays of somatic and autonomic responses, facial expressions (helps us respond in emergencies)
2. motivational programs - coordinated responses designed to solve specific tasks/achieve specific goals
3. actions - emotions cause us to do something
4. feelings - subjective labels placed on an emotional state

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2
Q

how does emotion develop in humans?

A
  • show basic emotions at birth, show all basic emotions by 8 months, and achieve most emotions by age 3
  • birth: distress and contentment
  • 3 months: joy, sadness, disgust
  • 4-8 months: anger, surprise, fear
  • 18-24 months: self-awareness develops, ability to predict emotions of others, embarrassment, empathy, envy
  • 2-3 years: become able to evaluate behaviour against a standard, pride, shame and guilt emerge
  • lying is innate and only mitigated through social learning
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3
Q

how do facial expressions differ across cultures?

A
  • cross-cultural similarity in emotional expression
  • cross-cultural differences in display and interpreting emotional faces
  • cultural differences may modulate facial expression of emotions, exaggerate or suppress
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4
Q

what is the paralinguistic theory?

A
  • face is active as a communication channel, not just a reflection of internal emotions
  • may help communicate and alert members of the group about important event
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5
Q

what is the folk psychology theory of emotion?

A
  • stimulus -> perception -> emotion experienced -> pattern of autonomic arousal
  • emphasizes that feelings and emotions always come before physiological arousal, in a linear sequence
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6
Q

what is the james-lange theory of emotion?

A
  • stimulus -> perception -> pattern of autonomic arousal -> emotion experienced
  • emotion provoking stimuli in environment cause the arousal first
  • arousal leads to a perceived emotion
  • sometimes difference emotions mediated by different patterns of arousalwh
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7
Q

what are some problems with the james-lange theory of emotion?

A
  • physiological arousal can sometimes be similar across different emotions
  • predicts that motions are entirely dependent on feedback from the body, which is not true
  • people with spinal cord injuries can still experience emotions
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8
Q

what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

A
  • stimulus -> perception -> general autonomic arousal AND particular emotion experienced
  • stimuli in environment cases simultaneous increase in arousal and perception of emotional experience
  • brains sees stimulus and 1) decides which emotion is appropriate and 2) activates arousal systems
  • proposed that both are independent and parallel pathways that don’t influence each other
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9
Q

how did schachter and singer test the emotion theories?

A
  • two groups of subjects that received epinephrine
  • one group was told they would feel increased arousal
  • only those not warned of effect reported emotional experience (supports james-lange, not cannon-bard)
  • particular emotion experienced could be altered depending on context
  • happy confederate = happy subject
  • counter to one idea of james-lange theory because arousal was same in both cases
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10
Q

how do beta-blockers affect emotion?

A
  • drugs that block peripheral effect of epinephrine can reduce anxiety
  • block B-receptors in the body but do not readily cross the blood brain barrier
  • affect the body’s stress response but not the brains
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11
Q

what was the capilano suspension bridge experiment?

A
  • male subjects met female confederate on suspension bridge (high arousal) or on stone bridge or office (low arousal)
  • those on suspension bridge rated confederate as much more attractive
  • more likely to call the confederate after the study
  • interpreted as misattribution of arousal
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12
Q

what is schachter’s cognitive attribution model?

A
  • emphasizes reciprocal interactions with all three factors, stimuli, autonomic arousal, and emotion
  • proposed that arousal only adds intensity of emotion, does not distinguish between emotions
  • more recent research suggests subtle differences in physiological arousal for emotions like fear and sadness
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13
Q

are there differences in emotional control for the right and left side of the brain?

A
  • general perception is that the right hemisphere is more emotional than the left (not true)
  • left hemisphere stroke damage = most depressive symptoms, frontal lobes most sensitive
  • depressed patients show less activation in left frontal areas
  • right hemisphere lesions = very cheerful
  • similar effects with unilateral brain inactivation
  • facial expressions of emotions emerge sooner and there are a greater magnitude on the left side of the face
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14
Q

what theory is there on the role of left and right hemispheres in emotion?

A
  • anterior left is responsible for approach processes
  • anterior right is responsible for withdrawal processes
  • left frontal damage = anhedonia, less initiating behaviour
  • right frontal damage = less withdrawal behaviour, less negative emotions
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15
Q

what happens if we remove an animal’s cortex?

A
  • animals can burst into sudden undirected fits of intense rage
  • stimulate subcortical regions can also trigger emotional, rage-like effect
  • lesions to certain subcortical regions can reverse effect of cortex removal on sham rage
  • conclusion: subcortical structures can regulate some emotions, direction and inhibition of emotions are controlled by cortex
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16
Q

what is kluver bucy syndrome?

A
  • removal of temporal lobe in monkeys or other animals
  • show lack of fear, strong oral tendencies, hypersexuality
  • subsequent studies showed damage to amygdala is the main temporal region involved in the effects
  • conclusion: amygdala is one subcortical region that regulates generation of some emotional responses
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17
Q

what is the papez circuit?

A
  • also called the limbic system
  • three main players…
    1. hippocampus: memory centre (temporal lobe)
    2. amygdala: mediates emotional responses, both autonomic and behavioural responses (temporal lobe)
    3. prefrontal cortex: integrates inputs from temporal lobes and other regions to coordinate appropriate response (frontal lobes)
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18
Q

what happens when we have orbital/medial prefrontal cortex damage?

A
  • normal emotional responses to intense stimuli, language, motor skills, IQ are unaffected
  • impoverished affect, patients show inappropriate bursts of emotion
  • inappropriate in social situations
  • core deficit: impaired emotional regulation
  • insensitive to emotional consequences of actions at the time, inability to view situations from different perspective
  • psychopaths display reduced PFC activation, may explain lack of guilt/empathy
  • more subtle deficits in sarcasm and humour
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19
Q

how did PFC lesions affect primates?

A
  • disrupt social behaviour, decrease social interaction and dominance, altered social preference
  • decreased motor, facial, vocal expressions
20
Q

why do we remove the amygdala in some people?

A
  • surgical removal to treat epilepsy
  • urback-wiethe disease: genetic abnormality causing selective calcification of amygdala
21
Q

what happens when the amygdala is damaged or removed?

A
  • blunted affect and emotional responses, especially fear
  • inability to distinguish fear faces
  • disruption in generation of emotional responses to conditioned stimuli
  • core deficit: inability to learn emotional significance of external events
22
Q

how are the amygdala and PFC connected to control emotion?

A
  • amygdala learns about stimuli related to what’s good or bad in the environment
  • PFC interprets these signals and chooses appropriate course of action/inaction
  • PFC can exert inhibitory influence over amygdala which may refine/suppress emotional responses generated by amygdala
23
Q

how do PFC-amygdala interaction in emotional situations change over development?

A
  • childhood/adolescence = increased amygdala and PFC activation
  • adulthood = PFC shows greater activation, associated with reduced amygdala activation
  • PFC gets better at inhibiting the amygdala as we age
  • PFC gains greater control over subcortical emotion generators
24
Q

what did we find when we took images of the emotional brain?

A
  • subjects told to recall intense emotional episodes
  • measured physiological arousal and imaged brain activation during different emotions
  • physiological responses came before reporting an emotional reponses
  • some brain regions are involved in different emotions
  • different patterns of activation in multiple brain regions for different emotions
  • there is not one emotional centre, multiple brain regions interact in different ways to process different emotions
25
how is stress defined?
- ultimately defined as any change in homeostasis - broken down into three components 1. stressful stimulus 2. processing/assessment of stimulus 3. stress response - stress response refers to physiological changes designed top deal with short term problems
26
what are the benefits of acute stress?
- designed to enhance fight or flight response - increases energy, metabolism - enhanced attention, vigilance
27
what is the most damaging type of stress?
- chronic stress has detrimental effects on the body and brain - most damaging type of stress is unpredictable or uncontrollable stress
28
what is the sympathetic nervous system's stress pathway?
- direct projects from the brain (via spinal cord) stimulate adrenal medulla to release adrenaline - rapid response increases HR, respiration, vasoconstriction, pupillary dilation - increased blood flow gets more oxygen/glucose to muscles to prepare for activity
29
what is the hypothalamic-pituitary axis stress pathway?
- limbic regions send signals to hypothalamus - hypothalamus releases CRH into pituitary, which releases ACTH in blood and hits adrenal cortex - adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoid (CORT) - CORT increases glucose metabolism and decreases inflammation to get the body ready for action and/or damage - reorganizes energy usage, shuts hown unrelated systems like digestion
30
how do the central nervous system and immune responses influence each other?
- hypothalamus monitors levels of immunity proteins in the blood - autonomic nervous system provides inputs to immune organs - activation of B lymphocytes produces antibodies that neutralize pathogens - T lymphocytes act as killer cells
31
how do B cells work to neutralize pathogens?
- scan pathogens and their proteins - B cells produce antibodies that bind to that protein - remove the protein to neutralize
32
how do the HPA system and chronic stress affect the immune response?
- HPA suppresses the immune response - chronic stress reduced levels of both B and T cells - can be observed in stressors that are severe, moderate, and somewhat mild - ulcers associated with chronic stress are due to a bacteria present in most people, but stress reduced immune response and allows it to cause ulcers
33
how does social stress affect presence of B cells?
- being a loser in a game reduced B cells compared to control and winners - winner had the most B cells, then control, then losers
34
how does stress affect cognition?
- acute stress, or just CORT, can enhance function of memory centres (hippocampus) - lots of CORT receptors on hippocampal neurons - CORT can increase excitability of these neurons, leading to better memory encoding - acute stressors can enhance many types of cognitive function; memory encoding and retrieval, attention, short term memory -cognitive-enhancing effects of acute stress partly due to increased release of monoamines in the brain (dopamine, norepinephrine), in regions like PFC
35
how does chronic stress affect the brain?
- chronic stress and chronic increases in CORT can lead to death of hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons - chronic stress can impair memory formation and prefrontal functioning - chronic injections of cortisol alone can also lead to neuronal atrophy and memory impairments in animals - excessive monoamine release in brain can also impair cognitive functioning - impaired cognitive function is adaptive because we shut down more complex systems in emergencies
36
how do stress and CORT affect testosterone release? why does this happen?
- increased CORT release causes decreased testosterone - decreased testosterone is adaptive because it reduces energy usage mediated by testosterone
37
how does the effect of CORT on testosterone change over time?
- CORT's effect on testosterone disappears over time - predictable stress is not as detrimental - in a parachute training study, more days of jumping led to testosterone levels returning to normal
38
how does social stress affect primates?
- subordinate males have higher CORT levels, lower T, and shorter lifespans - dominant males don't necessarily have higher T levels, but show faster recovery of T levels after stressor - repeated social stressors can lead to long term reductions/increases in T in losers/winners
39
how does social stress affect humans?
- social stress is one of the most common forms of stress experienced by humans - fear of embarrassment or close proximity to people is sufficient to activate stress response - there was greater epinephrine release in commuters when the train was crowded - more subtle social stressors like giving a talk induce large CORT release and activates sympathetic nervous system
40
what are the different types of aggression?
predatory: may be viewed as feeding behaviour defensive: response to attack social: unprovoked attack at same species for establishing/maintaining social hierarchy
41
why do cats sometimes play with mice rather than attacking them?
- cats playing with mice is a defensive behaviour - if we give them anti-anxiety drugs and less play time, they kill more efficiently
42
how does testosterone affect aggression in animals?
- castration in males decreases social aggression - testosterone replacement reinstates aggressive behaviour - in females, removing ovaries (estrogen and T), doesn't make a big difference
43
how does testosterone affect aggression in humans?
- correlational studies with T levels are inconclusive - aggression is not eliminated by castration - aggressive behaviours are not reliably increased by T injection - T injection does lead to slight increases in feelings of anger/hostility
44
what are some possible confounds for the relationship between T and aggression in humans?
- experience can alter levels of T; winners show increase in T, losers show decrease - can occur even after a loss of sports team or political candidate you are backing - T levels may be related to dominance more than aggression - many aggressive outbursts in humans are overreactions to threat, and is better viewed as defensive aggression - in animals, T levels are not correlated with defensive aggression
45
how do steroids affect aggression? what are some possible explanations?
- some evidence that steroids increase aggression - link may be due to placebo effect and expectations - some who use steroids may have been aggressive before - aggression may be an indirect consequence of muscularity - steroids are much more potent than T - aggression may not be due to direct activation of T receptors, but due to negative feedback loops associated with steroids
46
how does serotonin affect aggression?
- negative correlation between serotonin and aggression - more aggressive monkey had lowest levels of serotonin - mice depleted of serotonin are hypoer-aggressive
47
how does GABA affect aggression?
- enhancement of GABA transmission reduces aggressive behaviour in humans playing a computer game - engage in less attacking behaviours during the game - take points away from the opponent even though it doesn't actually benefit them