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cogs 17 > emotions > Flashcards

emotions Flashcards

1
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

“after the fact”
physical changes in the body happen first which then leads to the experience of the emotion

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2
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

stimulating events trigger feelings/physical reactions at the same time

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3
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory

A

combines both cannon and james theory
- suggest that the physical/mental arousal occurs first and then reason is identified for this arrousal and labeled as an emotion

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4
Q

how are emotional judgements affected by stimuli?
(giving amphetamine vs placebo)

A

the subjects given the arousing drug had a much stronger reaction, maarte na response

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5
Q

facial feedback

A

arranging facial muscles emotional configurations affects the quality of emotion
(ie, making a smile low-key makes u feel a little better)

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6
Q

Facial Feedback (Altering)

A

generic emotions correspond to “universal” qualities of associated facial expression, also producing corresponding body responses
[facial position = producing that actually emotion]

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7
Q

the complexity of emotions

A
  • emotions plays role in evaluative and communicative processes
  • newborn wired to mimic emotion expressions
  • emotional expression shaped by social interactions
  • cultural rules for displaying emotions
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8
Q

amygdala

A
  • the emotional center of the brain
  • plays a critical role in both producing and interpreting emotion
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9
Q

Cortico-Medial Amygdala

A
  • primary response to critical situations
  • rage (anger/fear) + extreme aggression
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10
Q

Lateral Amygdala = Startle Reflex

A

startle reflex: sudden loud noise => freeze, tense neck to protect spine, increase heart rate

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11
Q

startle reflex

A

influence by amygdala connections
- from pain fibers, and visual and auditory input to detect and learn negative associations
- to central gray area of midbrain = part of tegmenjtum for motor control, esp neck muscles
- to hypothalamus, influences autonomic NS response (ex, blood pressure, heart rate..)

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12
Q

Central & Basolateral Nuclei = Conditioned Fear

A
  • conditioned fear, via integration of sensory info (vision + pain)
  • unlearned startle relflex (ie loud nosies) can be further conditioned (modified via learning)
  • if visual stimuli is paired w/ noxious stimulus light along comes to elicit fear
  • once association is learned = enhances stim
  • continuous addition of unpleasant stim can further enhances startle reflex
    -addition of pleasant stim decreases startle reflex
  • ^ aid memory to emotionally laden stim via connections to/from hippocampus (ie emotion provoking images or words, if not too intense, remembered better than neutral)
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13
Q

Contemporary research on amygdala

A
  • focuses on shared emotion
  • amygdala active not just when feel/express but also when observing emotions in other
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14
Q

Urbach-wiethe Disease

A
  • degenerative calcification in amygdala
  • unable to show and express emotion and unable to interpret the emotions of others
  • can’t judge if someone is approachable or not
  • can intreat eyes, maybe cuz eyes are such a big brain area
  • patients generally placid
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15
Q

Anterior Insular Cortex

A
  • medial to anterior temporal lobes: also includes primary gustatory cortex)
  • damage = impairs recognition & production of disgust, social reaction in humans
  • also connected to hindbrain cranial neves for control of facial muscles
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16
Q

Emotional Facial Paraesis

A
  • anterior insular is connected to midbrain cranial nerves for control of facial muscles
  • damage: can produce a facial expression on command but unable to do so naturally
    –> unable to socially participate
17
Q

Volitional Facai Pareasis

A
  • contrast to primary motor cortex for facials area and/or its connections to facial nerves
  • damage: cannot produce facial expression on command but can so naturally
18
Q

Frontal Cortex

A
  • many reciprocal connections with amygdala
  • important in expressing, inhibiting and reading emotion
19
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

damage > loos of inhibition, socially inappropriate behavior, sudden aggressions
ex. phineas gage, survived steel rod in/out prefrontal cortex
- cognition ok but very different sort of aggressive personality

20
Q

Theory of Mind

A
  • attribute knowledge, emotion to others (knowledge, feelings, etc to self and others)
  • inappropriate prefrontal amygdala interaction may be critical in autism
    –> unable to form reciprocal connections between the amygdala and orbital cortex
21
Q

Helplessness

A

Interpretation of own responses can influence impact of stress
- helplessness lead to overactive parasympathetic rebound
[rat example
- 2 rats yoked together, get shocked unless rat 1 goes on wheel but rat 2 doest know this and has no option but to get shocked and gets depresso while rate 1 is hopeful cuz there is a solution but if u take out prefrontal rat 2 has no reaction/no ulcers]

22
Q

Gambling Task

A
  • normal: feel anxiety before taking from bad piles and shift to better even before can explain decision
  • prefrontal lesioned: do not develop anxiety but still feel bad from penalty
  • amygdala: no anxiety, no shift and no negative emotion at penalty
23
Q

Von Economo (“Spindle”) Cells

A
  • long fibers, but branch little = for communication bt distant brain areas w/out intervening influence
  • found only in large brained animal (humans, elephant, whales)
  • connect the anterior insula (critical I emotional expression in social contexts) with anterior cingulate (evaluates and keeps score of how things are going, social activities: go or no go)
24
Q

What are the neurotransmitter involved with the emotional control of behavior?

A
  1. Serotonin - major role in mood setting and emotional responsibility
  2. Gaba - responsible for serotonin turnover
  3. CCK - stimulation of (excitatory) CCK sites in Amygdala = enhanced startle reflex
25
Q

Serotonin

A

Serotonin Turnover = reuptake determined by levels of metabolite 5-HIAA in blood
- lots of uptake = lot of serotonin
- little uptake = little serotonin
low serotonin turnover
- sudden aggression, rapid cocaine addition, poor choices
- SAD, depression, suicide

drop in serotonin associated with crankiness that arises when overdue to being sleep cycle

  • prozac, short term solution by blocking serotonin uptake
26
Q

GABA in the amygdala

A

Inhibitory NT, hyperpolaring by opening Cl ions

  • anxiety reducing drugs act as GABA- agonist
    –> valium binds to GABA to the receptor sites so more Cl flows in keeping the inhibitory effect going
  • in contrast: blocking GABA sites in amygdala = panic attacks
27
Q

CCK

A

Involved in learned enhancement of Startle Reflex

  • CCK (NT) in hypothalamus suppress hunger when blood sugar rises
  • some diet pills are CCK agonist w/ anxiety side effect, over (CCK in amygdala enhances startle reflex)
  • antagonist calming (blocks the CCK from saying ur full), but promote overeating
28
Q
A

cogs 17 (2 decks)

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