Emotional Development

Question 1

Witherington et al. (2002)

Answer 1

Functionalist Approach to Emotions:

Emotions are adaptive and function to regulate our exchanges with the world.

Question 2

Bridges (1931)

Answer 2

Development Trajectory - Newborns:
Newborns are only capable of a diffuse state of excitement. Gradual differentiation of discrete emotions is the basic principle of emotional development.

Question 3

Wolff (1987)

Answer 3

Development Trajectory - Social Smile:

The social smile emerges between 4-6 weeks to specific social others.

Question 4

Stern (1985)

Answer 4

Development Trajectory - Dyadic Interaction:

Coordinated emotion sharing between infant and caregiver emerges at the same time as social smile (2 months).

Question 5

Sullivan et al. (1990)

Answer 5

Developmental Trajectory - Anger:
At 2-6 months, infants know more about how their activity related to the world, so there is an increase in likelihood of anger when their goal is blocked.

Question 6

Sternberg and Campon (1990)

Answer 6

Developmental Trajectory - Anger:
At 1 month - demonstrate anger and general distress.
At 4 months - anger is directed towards point of frustration; has a target.
At 6 months - anger is directed to researcher and mother; has a social target.

Question 7

Scarr and Salapatek (1970)

Answer 7

Developmental Trajectory - Fear:

Between 6-9 months, new objects are now regarded with caution, and stranger and separation anxiety emerges.

Question 8

Rochat et al. (1999)

Answer 8

Developmental Trajectory - Fear; Still Face:
When mothers present still, unresponsive faces, it causes infants distress as it conflicts with past experiences and expectations of infant-caregiver interactions.

Question 9

Sorce et al. (1985)

Answer 9

Developmental Trajectory - Social Referencing:
Visual Cliff Experiment.
If mothers display fear reaction to visual drop, infants rarely cross, but if they show a happy display, infants will cross.

Question 10

Rothbart and Derryberry (1981)

Answer 10

Definition of Temperament:
Temperament is early appearing, relatively stable, constitutionally-based individual differences in reactivity and regulation.

Question 11

Thomas and Chess (1977)

Answer 11

9 Dimensions of Temperament:
Activity level, regularity, adaptability to change, response to new situations, sensory threshold, intensity of response, pos/neg mood, distractibility, persistence and attention.

Question 12

Rothbart and Bates (2006)A

Answer 12

3 Dimensions of Temperament:

Negative emotionality, surgency, attention/orientation.

Question 13

Sanson et al. (2011)

Answer 13

Heritability of Temperament:

Genetic markers of serotonin affect reactivity and sensitivity of infant.

Question 14

DiPietro et al. (1996)

Answer 14

Innate Basis of Temperament:
Prenatal studies. Fetal heart rate and movement at 20-36 weeks’ gestation predict temperament, Active fetuses are describes as difficult and unpredictable infants by mothers.

Question 15

Vaish et al. (2013)

Answer 15

Environment X Biology Effects on Temperament:

If exposed to lots of threat/stress, this can lead to assuming neutral faces are threatening.

Question 16

Karmiloff-Smith (1992)

Answer 16

Neuroconstructivism & Temperament:
Genetic basis for temperament, but how caregiver responds is important for development.
Niche picking = infant temperament can impact what environment they are in, and what stimulation they get.

Question 17

Kochanska (2001)

Answer 17

Neuroconstructivism, Attachment & Temperament:
Secure attachment was associated with reduced negative emotionality, but insecure attachment was associated with higher negative emotionality.

Question 18

Rothbart and Bates (2006)B

Answer 18

Temperament & Later Adjustment:
Early temperamental unmanageability is linked to externalising problems; early fearfulness is linked to internalising problems.
The child may evoke negative reactions from others, or actively select environments, both that provoke adjustment problems.

Question 19

Dunphy (1963)

Answer 19

Cliques:
Younger teens - 3-9 same sex peers with little interactions.
Older teens - larger groups of interacting cliques, higher status members initiate contact with the opposite sex.

Question 20

Cillissen et al. (1992)

Answer 20

Aggressive-Rejected Children:

A-R children had the highest stability of their rejected status 1 year after initial assessment.

Question 21

Sandstrom and Cole (1999)

Answer 21

Escaping Rejection:
Important factors for escaping rejection are the child’s own perspective of their social status, participation in extracurricular activities, internal locus of control and high parental monitoring.

Question 22

Mannarino (1980)

Answer 22

Impacts of Pos Peer Relationships:
Having close, stable best-friendships was correlated with altruism and self-concept.
> Cannot determine cause and effect.

Question 23

Cowen et al. (1973)

Answer 23

Impact of Neg Peer Relationships:
Those who appeared on the mental health register were 2.5 time more likely to have had negative peer relationships at 8 years old.

Question 24

Orphinas et al. (2003)

Answer 24

Bullying Prevalence:

58% of children report being victims of both physical and verbal abuse.

Question 25

Ttofi et al. (2012)

Answer 25

Consequences of Bullying:
Victims are predicted to have greater risk of depression later in life. Bullies are predicted to have more likely violent behaviour and offending later in life.

Question 26

Brown and Taylor (2008)

Answer 26

Consequences of Bullying:

Both victims and bullies had lower educational attainment in later life.