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Brain and Behaviour > Emotional Brain > Flashcards

Emotional Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotions?

Stimulus (BANG!) -> Perception/Interpretation of Danger-> ? -> ?

A

Emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes. Emotions differ due to different physiological responses.

Stimulus (BANG!) -> Perception/Interpretation of Danger-> Particular emotion felt (fear) -> Specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races)

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2
Q

What is folk psychology theory of emotions?

Stimulus (BANG!) -> Perception/Interpretation of Danger-> ? -> ?

A

autonomic responses (like stomach churning) are caused by emotions

Stimulus (BANG!) -> Perception/Interpretation of Danger-> Specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races) -> Particular emotion felt (fear)

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3
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotions? What part of the brain decides on the emotional response and also activates the sympathetic response?

A

emotions precede physiological responses and help deal with a changing environment.
The cerebral cortex.

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4
Q

What is Schachter’s cognitive theory of emotions?

A

Physiological responses are interpreted in terms of the stimuli.
An emotional state results from the interaction of physiological activation and cognitive interpretation.

(Fear/emotion provides feedback to interpretation)

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5
Q

In Schachter’s cognitive theory of emotions, all physiological arousal is nonspecific. Research shows different patterns of autonomic responses according to what?

A

Positive or negative emotions.

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6
Q

What does a polygraph measure? Is it reliable

A

No, measures bodily responses. (Like respiration, skin conductance, heart rate)

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7
Q

What is individual response stereotypy?

A

The tendency of individuals to have the same response patterns throughout their lives.

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8
Q

What do infants who are high reactives to stimuli (with extremely strong reactions) may later experience..?

A

Increased phobias or fear responses.

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9
Q

What tract in the brain contains many sites for self-stimulation? Which target in the dopaminergic circuit?

A

The medial forebrain bundle-rises from the midbrain through the hypothalamus.
-Also the nucleus accumbens.

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10
Q

How can distinct brain circuits mediate emotions? (The decorticate rage, the papez circuit, Kluver-Bucy syndrome)

A

Decorticate rage: sudden intense rage in dogs with cortex removed (cortex inhibits rage)
Papez circuit: interconnected brain regions within the limbic system, damaged in some patients
Kluver-Bucy: after amygdala damage= emotional changes like reduced fear and anxiety

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11
Q

How can classical conditioning elicit fear?

A

Pairing a stimulus with an aversive stimulus (like shock)
-Different regions of the amygdala (fear) react to the stimulus -> send message to central nucleus of amygdala -> transmits info to brainstem centres.

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12
Q

Which 3 types of emotional responses are evoked (parts of brain)?

A

1) central gray pathway= EMOTIONAL behav
2) lateral hypothalamus pathway- AUTONOMIC responses
3) bed nucleus of stria terminalis pathway- HORMONAL responses

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13
Q

How do the two cerebral hemispheres process emotion?

A

The right: discerns other’s emotions

Left side of the face is more expressive than the right.

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14
Q

What is the disposition of people with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain? damage to left?

A 
right= very cheerful
left= depressive symptoms
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15
Q

Visual stimuli in both sides of the brain?

A

right: reacts more quickly/accurately, better at understanding facial expressions, dominant in expressing emotions

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16
Q

Where does love and envy increase/decreasy activity in the brain?

A

look in book!

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17
Q

Sadness in brain regions?

A

Increase in anterior cingulate cortex, insula, dorsal pons.

Decrease in posterior cingulate cortex.

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18
Q

Happiness in brain regions?

A

Increase in right posterior cingulate cortex, left insula.

Decrease in left anterior cingulate cortex.

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19
Q

Fear in brain regions?

A

Increase in midbrain, decrease in orbitofrontal region of prefrontal cortex.

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20
Q

Anger in brain regions?

A

Increase pons, left anterior cingulate cortex.

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21
Q

Difference between fear x rage, fear x panic

A

rage= flight or fight
panic= more social context
both involve PAG periaqueductal gray matter and CRF corticotropin releasing hormone

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22
Q

Panic examples?

A

Imprinting, Attachment and separation, separation anxiety, loneliness, social phobias and anxiety (shyness?), social loss (grief), depression, etc.

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23
Q

Neuropharmacology of Fear + anxiety, what are most targeted neurotransmitter systems?

A

Gaba and serotonin

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24
Q

Types of tranquilizers/anxiolytics: (sedative-hypnotics, CNS depressants)

A
  • Barbiturates (pre-80’s): e.g., Phenobarbital (Luminal)
  • Benzodiazepines: Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam
  • Second generation: Buspirone (BuSpar); 5-ht1a receptors
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25
Q

How do Anxyolytic anti-depressants: MAOI’s and SSRI’s work?

A

SSRI (paroxetine/Paxil)&raquo_space;> reduces blood flow in caudate nucleus (reduces overall striatal metabolism), anterior cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex and thalamus

26
Q

What are animal models for studying fear and anxiety?

A

Light dark crossing test, elevated plus-maze, social interaction tests, water-lick suppression test (conflict procedure), conditioned response suppression tests (operant procedure)

27
Q

Explain panksepp’s taxonomy.

A

Quadrant 1
1. Active avoidance tasks 2. Conditioned emotional
response 3. Punished behaviour
tasks 4. Passive avoidance tasks

Learned w.o. punishment: Quadrant 2
1. Partial reinforcement extinction effect

Spontaneous with punishment: Quadrant 3
1. Freezing to shock 2. Defensive burying 3. Stimulation of fear
circuits 4. Responses to loud
sounds

Spontaneous w.o punishment: Quadrant 4
1. Open field tests 2. Avoidance of bright
lights (only in nocturnal rodents, mice/rats) 3. Social interaction tests 4. Elevated plus-maze 5. Predatory odours

28
Q

OCD example: where were the abnormalities?

A

In the loops connecting the basal ganglia, frontal lobe, thalamus and cingulate gyrus

29
Q

What are pheromones?

A

a chemical released by animals in the air via urine, feces or sweat that will affect the behav/physiology of another animal
(usually same species, other species=allomone)
-dependent on smell/taste

30
Q

Where are most odours processed?

A

Olfactory bulbs (limbic system)

31
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO) present in all mammals except?

A

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins etc.)

32
Q

What is a pheromonal primer?

A

Changes via endocrine and neuroendocrine system

ex: women syncing periods

33
Q

What is a pheromonal signaller?

A

communicate information about the individuals themselves (sex, age, status)
-animals facebook, conscious sniffing for social context

34
Q

What is a pheromonal releaser?

A

Act as a Sign stimulus to trigger a specific behaviour (stimulus-specific)
puppies “kissing” mom: actually trying to trigger mother to vomit, for food

pheromone is releaser-> triggers specific behaviour

ex: fish allomone released: can detect fish in danger/trap and rest will swim away

35
Q

What is a pheromonal modulator?

A

Influence (short-term) mood and emotions, etc.

  • seem to be present in humans and influence mood very quickly
  • study: females would smell dirty clothing of males
  • implicit (unconscious) right to limbic system
36
Q

What is the Lee-Boot effect (rodents)?

A

Females housed together will experience a slowing and eventual cessation (suppression) of estrus.

  • realize there are too many females and not many babies to be produced, suppresses estrus
  • same effect found in one rodent alone with only the urine of other female rats present
37
Q

What is the Whitten effect (rodents)?

A

Synchronization of the estrous cycles of a group of females in the presence of a male, or simply the induction of estrus in a female by the introduction of a new/strange male.

38
Q

What is the vanderbergh effect? (rodents)

A

Early onset of puberty of females housed with adult males.
develop quicker than if no males around
-odour of male counts for more, urine alone has same effect

39
Q

What is the bruce effect (rodents)?

A

Termination of pregnancy caused by the presence of a new/strange male (not the father).
-new male shows up, all the females in colony will have abortion, can reproduce again with new male

40
Q

What do the effects of phermones on rodents depend on?

A

All effects seem to be testosterone-dependent and induced only by normal adult males (not juvenile males).

41
Q

What are predator odour effects? (cat/rodent model)

A

Carnivore (Cat) - Rodent (rat/mouse) model: behavioural markers
Freezing behaviour or hypoactivity Less play, eating, sleeping, etc.
Hyperactivity and repetitive behaviour “Compulsive” grooming

42
Q

Physiological markers of predator odours?

A

Endocrine stress responses: Two potential pathways
HPA: Glucorcorticoids (CRH-ACTH-CORT)
SAMA (sympathetico adreno-medullary axis): catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

Autonomic nervous system: blood flow and pressure, ECG, GSR, etc.

43
Q

What are the two components of the olfactory system?

A

1) Main or primary olfactory cortex (or system)
-cortex activated by sniffing
Nose&raquo_space;> olfactory bulb&raquo_space;> limbic system

2)Accessory or secondary olfactory cortex (or system): Vomeronasal complex
VNO&raquo_space;> accessory olfactory bulb (behind the OB)&raquo_space;> Limbic system

44
Q

Who is the VNO common in?

A

Amphibians, reptiles and terrestrial mammals.

45
Q

Who is the VNO absent or vestigial in?

A

Fishes, crocodiles, birds (poor smell overall), aquatic mammals, some bats, primates (except prosimians)

46
Q

What are the exceptions of VNO in birds?

A

Exceptions in birds, no known VNO but some significant olfactory processing:
Turkey vultures
Tube-nosed seabirds (Procellariiformes: albatross**, petrels, fulmars, shearwaters, storm petrels, diving petrels)
Kiwis (searching earthworms)
Oilbirds (searching oily ripe fruits)
The last two groups are nocturnal…
** Black-footed albatross can detect bacon fat on ocean surface 30 kms away.

47
Q

What are ways vertebrates without a VNO process smells?

A

The medium or channel may be different: air or water (e.g., fishes)
Olfaction can be independent from the respiratory system (e.g., fishes)
Contact and the involvement of taste may be necessary
Neuropsychologically, there is a difference between smelling (implicit) and sniffing (explicit, true investigation of an odour). Different brain regions may be involved.

48
Q

What is the function of olfaction in vertebrates?

A

Functions: social communication, mating choices and kin recognition?
-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules detection
Associated behaviour: Flehmen-baring upper teeth and breathing through mouth (common in ungulates-hooved) For detection of pheromones and allomones.

49
Q

What are the brain regions involved in pheromones? (connected to the VNO) What are these regions also involved in regulating?

A

Amygdala (medial nucleus); also connected to the primary olfactory bulb
Preoptic area (POA)
Hypothalamus (anterior and ventromedial nucleus)
-also involved in regulating mammalian sexual behav

50
Q

Hamsters: mating behaviour only disrupted if BOTH of which systems are damaged?
-where do these structures send fibers? the result?

A

VNO (accessory of olfactory bulb) and Olfactory epithelium (primary olfactory bulb)

  • they send fibers to the medial amygdala
  • lesions of amygdala lead to disruption of sexual behaviour
51
Q

What does the involvement of the olfactory epithelium demonstrate?

A

The direct effects of pheromones on sexual behaviour and explain the genital sniffing and licking of many species.

52
Q

What is the Mcclintock effect? (human pheromones)

A

women spending a lot of time together tend to synchronize their menstrual cycles.

53
Q

Women spending a lot of time with men have?

A

Shorter cycles,

LH secretions are suspected

54
Q

Androstadienone effect on women and men?

A

Men: decreases alertness and positive mood
women: increases alertness and positive mood

55
Q

What regions of the brain does androstadienone effect?

A

activates the preoptic area (POA) and ventromedial hypothalamus

56
Q

How does each sex respond to commercial synthetic pheromones?

A

Men using 10X: 41% using 10X in cologne increased their socio-sexual activities. Placebo: only 9.5%

Women also using a pheromone: 74% increased their socio-sexual activities. Placebo: only 23%

57
Q

How big is the human VNO?

A

2-10 mm long, 1 mm wide

58
Q

Where is the human VNO located?

A

2 cm from the opening of the nostril, along the nasal septum (bridge of tissue between the nostrils).

59
Q

Is the human VNO a vestigial organ?

A

no evidence of neural connections to brain.

Silver argued VNO is functional but it may not be necessary for the sensation and perception of pheromones

60
Q

What were the results of Gadbois study?

A

Felt more attractive and assertive

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