emotional and social development

Question 1

temperament

Answer 1

• constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation
• believed to be innate and appear at around 4 months, but a lot of physical factors could affect it before then

Question 2

thomas and chess study

Answer 2

• 1977
• classified babies into three categories: easy (40), difficult (10), slow to warm up (15)
• a lot didnt fit into this

Question 3

modern assessment of emotion

Answer 3

• assess positive and negative emotions as separate compponent of temperament
• can be high and low in both or opposite
• assesses different types of regulatory capacity

Question 4

6 dimensions of infant temperament

Answer 4

• rothbart and bates 2006
  1. fearful distress
  2. distress to limitations
  3. attention span and persistence
  4. activity
  5. positive affect
  6. soothability

Question 5

3 components of temperament

Answer 5

1. surgency
2. negativ reactivity
3. orienting regulation/effortful control

Question 6

surgency

Answer 6

measure of infants activity evel and intensity of pleasure
- displays of happiness
- positive affect, activity

Question 7

negative reactivity

Answer 7

easily becomes distresses by unfamiliar events or people
- fear, frustration

Question 8

orientating regulation/effortful control

Answer 8

ability to regulate attentions towards their goals
- attention span and persistence and soothability
- better at regulating their emotions

Question 9

behavioral inhibition

Answer 9

babies who are high on negative reactivity
- associated with anxiety, depression and social withdrawal later in life
- asssociated with high levels of neuroticism

Question 10

why is temperament stable

Answer 10

evocative effects: gene-environment association where a child’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others, which then reinforce the child’s characteristics

Question 11

goodness to fit

Answer 11

the extent to which a person’s temperament matches the requirements, expectation and opportunities of their environment
- supportive caregiver support infants at emotional regulation

Question 12

cultural affects

Answer 12

• culture shapes expectations about infant behaviours and emotions
• fit of culture and infant temperament: infants with temperaments that fit their cultural values show better adjustment

Question 13

attachment

Answer 13

special affective relationship between infant and caregiver characterized by mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity
- mutual and a relationship construct, not an individual trait
- promotes infant survival

Question 14

Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment

Answer 14

all species born with innate behavioural tendencies that contribute to the survival of the species
- develop over the first year of life
- evolved to help survival

Question 15

stranger anxiety

Answer 15

negative reactions of infants to an unfamiliar person
- appear when attachment relationship is forming at 7-9 months

Question 16

separation anxiety

Answer 16

negative reactions of infants when the caregiver temporarily leave
- starts to show at 7-9 months and peaks at 13
- can be greater for children who spend more time with caregiver

Question 17

greeting reactions

Answer 17

positive reactions from the infants when caregiver returns

Question 18

secure-base behaviour

Answer 18

infant using the caregiver as a home base for exploration
- staying close in a new environment but they get more comftorable and explore more but will return to caregiver periodically

Question 19

attachment theory

Answer 19

• attachment formation is almost universal
• they have been evolutionary selected for
• qualities varies depending on quality of care that the child receives

Question 20

strange situation procedure

Answer 20

series of 8 separations and reunions with caregiver and introduction to strangers
- 1-2 year olds
- simulates infant-caregiver interactions in everyday life
- designed to put mild stress on baby so that they show their attachment

Question 21

attachment styles

Answer 21

1. secure
2. insecure-resistant
3. insecure-avoidant
4. disorganized

Question 22

secure

Answer 22

infants explore while mother is present, upset when mother leaves but is happy when she returns and can easily be soothed
- majority

Question 23

insecure-resistant

Answer 23

infants stay close to mother, even when shes been around for a while, upset when she leaves
- high negativity when she leaves
- mixed reactions when she comes back
- always weary of strangers

Question 24

-insecure-avoidant

Answer 24

very little distress when mother leaves
- seem to ignore her
- may be sociable or ignore strangers

Question 25

disorganized-attachment

Answer 25

express contradictory emotions and behaviours
- might approach caregiver but then ignore them
- display odd behaviours that are inconsistent
- results from abuse/neglect

Question 26

ceregiving context

Answer 26

sensitive caregiving fosters secure attachment

Question 27

caregiver intervention

Answer 27

recruited babies at 6 month old at risk for insecure attachment and provided sensitivyt training to
- at 9 months babies in sensitivty condition were securely attached and not the others
- remained