Emotion, Stress, Motivation Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 7 universal emotions?
A
- Happiness: Smile, wrinkling around the eyes, raised cheeks
- Sadness: Frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
- Contempt: One corner of the mouth pulled upwards
- Surprise: Eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and curved, jaw opens
- Fear: Eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and together, lips pulled toward ears
- Disgust: Nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
- Anger: Glaring, eyebrows pulled down and together, lips pressed together
2
Q
Amygdala
A
Small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the person’s surroundings in order to produce emotion.
3
Q
Thalamus
A
Functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.
4
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Located below the thalamus, synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Serves many homeostatic functions, and is involved in modulating emotion.
5
Q
Hippocampus
A
Primarily involved in creating long-term memories. Also aids in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience. Memory systems can be divided into two categories: explicit and implicit
6
Q
Prefrontal cortex
A
The anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
7
Q
Dorsal prefrontal cortex
A
Associated with attention and cognition
8
Q
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex
A
Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.
9
Q
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
A
Thought to play substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala
10
Q
Defense Mechanisms (8)
A
1) Repression
2) Suppression
3) Regression
4) Reaction formation
5) Projection
6) Rationalization
7) Displacement
8) Sublimation
11
Q
Repression
A
Ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious, and underlies many of the other defense mechanisms. Aim: disguise threatening impulses that may find their way back from the unconscious
-Unconscious forgetting
12
Q
Suppression
A
More deliberate, conscious form of forgetting.
13
Q
Regression
A
Reversion to an earlier developmental state. Faced with stress, older children may return to earlier behaviors such as thumb sucking, throwing temper tantrums, or clinging to their mothers.
14
Q
Reaction formation
A
When individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites
15
Q
Projection
A
The defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others.
16
Q
Rationalization
A
Is the justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society.
17
Q
Displacement
A
Changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same.
18
Q
Sublimation
A
Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction.
19
Q
The Big Five Traits of Personality
A
OCEAN: Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
20
Q
Psychoticism
A
Measure of nonconformity or social deviance
21
Q
Extraversion
A
A measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
22
Q
Neuroticism
A
Measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations
23
Q
Cardinal Traits
A
Traits around which a person organizes his or her life
24
Q
Central traits
A
Represents major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or charisma
25
Secondary traits
Other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence: aspects of one's personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations.
26
Schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder in which the individual must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months, and this six-month period must include at least one month of "active symptoms" (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech)
- Positive symptoms: Behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought,
- Negative symptoms: Those that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition.
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Delusions of reference
Belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual
28
Delusions of persecution
Involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
29
Delusions of grandeur
Also common in bipolar I disorder, involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way, such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon.
30
Hallucinations
Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
31
Echopraxia
Imitating another's actions
32
Affect
Refers to the experience and display of emotion
33
Prodromal phase
Clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences; prior to being diagnosed with schizophrenia
34
Downward drift hypothesis
Schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status, leading to worsening symptoms, which sets up a negative spiral for the patient toward poverty and psychosis. Rates of schizophrenia are much, much higher among the homeless and indigents
35
Anhedonia
Loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities
36
Symptoms of major depressive episode
```
SIG E. CAPS:
Sadness +
Sleep
Interest
Guilt
Energy
Concentration
Appetite
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thoughts
```
37
Symptoms of a manic episode
```
DIG FAST:
Distractible
Insomnia (decreased sleep)
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
Agitation
Speech (pressured)
Thoughtlessness (risky behavior)
```
38
Manic episode
Characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following: increased distractibility, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem and grandiosity (beliefs that one is all-powerful, famous, or wealthy), racing thoughts, increased goal-directed activity or agitation, pressured speech or increased talkativeness, and involvement in high-risk behavior.
39
Bipolar I disorder
Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes
40
Bipolar II disorder
Has hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
41
Conversion Disorder
Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions.
-The person may be surprisingly unconcerned by the symptom-which is called la belle indifference.
42
Cluster A personality disorder
Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders
| -Odd or eccentric by others
43
Cluster B personality disorder
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders.
-Dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others
44
Antisocial personality disorder
3x more common in males than in females. A pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others. Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, or a lack of remorse for said actions.
45
Borderline personality disorder
2x more common in females than in males. There is a pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable. There may be profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values. There is often intense fear of abandonment.
- Use splitting as a defense mechanism: view others as all good or all bad
- Suicide attempts and self-mutilation (cutting or burning) is common
46
Histrionic Personality disorder
Characterized by constant attention-seeking behavior. These individuals often wear colorful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted. They may also use seductive behavior to gain attention.
47
Narcissistic personality disorder
One has a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement. They have very fragile self-esteem and are constantly concerned with how others view them.
48
Cluster C personality disorder
Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders.
-Anxious or fearful
49
Avoidant Personality Disorder
The affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection. The individual will see herself as socially inept and is often socially isolated, despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance. These individuals tend to stay in the same jobs, life situations, and relationships despite wanting to change.
50
Dependent Personality Disorder
Characterized by a continuous need for reassurance. Individuals with dependent personality disorder tend to remain dependent on one specific person, such as a parent or significant other, to take actions and make decisions.
51
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
The individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order. Other characteristics include an inability to discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and maintenance of careful routines.
52
Parkinson's Disease
- Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
- Resting tremor (a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used)
- Pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth, as if rolling something in the fingers)
- Masklike facies (a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth)
- Cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb),
- Shuffling gait with stooped posture
- L-Dopa
53
James-Lange theory
Nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled.
54
Cannon-Bard theory
Simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action.
55
Schachter-Singer theory
Nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response
56
Amygdala
Involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory
57
Thalamus
Sensory processing station
58
Hypothalamus
Releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal
59
Hippocampus
Creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories
60
Prefrontal cortex
Involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions
61
Ventral prefrontal cortex
Critical for experiencing emotion
62
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Specifically is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making
63
Projection
Defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others.
64
Biological Markers of Alzheimer's Disease
- Diffuse atrophy of the brain on CT or MRI
- Flattened sulci in the cerebral cortex
- Enlarged cerebral ventricles
- Deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, which is correlated with cognitive decline
- Reduction in levels of acetylcholine
- Reduction in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme that produces acetylcholine
- Reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
- Senile plaques of Beta-amyloid (a misfolded protein in beta-pleated sheet form)
- Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphospharylated tau protein
65
Parkinson's Disease
- Bradykinesia (slowness in movement)
- Resting tremor (a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used)
- Pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth, as if rolling something in the fingers)
- Masklike facies (a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth)
- Cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb)
- A shuffling gait with stooped posture
- Decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra
66
Illusion of invulnerability
The creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
67
Collective rationalization
Ignoring warning against the ideas of the group
68
Illusion of morality
The belief that the group's decisions are morally correct
69
Excessive stereotyping
The construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
70
Pressure for conformity
The pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
71
Self-censorship
The withholding of opposing views
72
Illusion of unanimity
The false sense of agreement within the group
73
Mindguards
The appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
74
Self-disclosure
Giving information about oneself to establish an identity
75
Managing appearances
Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image.
Ex. Wearing a white coat, keeping calm while dealing with a difficult patient, mentioning associations with important researchers during an interview
76
Ingratiation
Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
Ex. Blindly agreeing to someone else's opinion, complimenting a friend before asking for a favor
77
Aligning actions
Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses.
| Ex. Justifications for missing deadlines, blaming a bad grade on too little sleep
78
Alter-casting
Imposing an identity onto another person
79
Primacy effect
Idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions
80
Recency effect
The most recent information we have about an individual is the most important in forming our impressions
81
Paternalistic stereotype
Those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored
Ex. Housewives, elderly people, disabled people
82
Contemptuous stereotype
Those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger
Ex. Welfare recipients, poor people
83
Envious stereotype
Those in which the group is viewed with jealously, bitterness, or distrust
Ex. Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists
84
Admiration stereotype
Those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings
Ex. In-group, close allies
85
Medicare
Insurance that covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
86
Medicaid
Covers patients who are in significant financial need
