Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT-Behavioral Sciences > Emotion, Stress, Motivation > Flashcards

Emotion, Stress, Motivation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 universal emotions?

A
  1. Happiness: Smile, wrinkling around the eyes, raised cheeks
  2. Sadness: Frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
  3. Contempt: One corner of the mouth pulled upwards
  4. Surprise: Eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and curved, jaw opens
  5. Fear: Eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and together, lips pulled toward ears
  6. Disgust: Nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
  7. Anger: Glaring, eyebrows pulled down and together, lips pressed together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amygdala

A

Small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the person’s surroundings in order to produce emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thalamus

A

Functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located below the thalamus, synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Serves many homeostatic functions, and is involved in modulating emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hippocampus

A

Primarily involved in creating long-term memories. Also aids in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience. Memory systems can be divided into two categories: explicit and implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

Associated with attention and cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ventral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Thought to play substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Defense Mechanisms (8)

A

1) Repression
2) Suppression
3) Regression
4) Reaction formation
5) Projection
6) Rationalization
7) Displacement
8) Sublimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Repression

A

Ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious, and underlies many of the other defense mechanisms. Aim: disguise threatening impulses that may find their way back from the unconscious
-Unconscious forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Suppression

A

More deliberate, conscious form of forgetting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Regression

A

Reversion to an earlier developmental state. Faced with stress, older children may return to earlier behaviors such as thumb sucking, throwing temper tantrums, or clinging to their mothers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reaction formation

A

When individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Projection

A

The defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rationalization

A

Is the justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Displacement

A

Changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Big Five Traits of Personality

A 
OCEAN:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Psychoticism

A

Measure of nonconformity or social deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Extraversion

A

A measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuroticism

A

Measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cardinal Traits

A

Traits around which a person organizes his or her life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Central traits

A

Represents major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or charisma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Secondary traits

A

Other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence: aspects of one’s personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychotic disorder in which the individual must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months, and this six-month period must include at least one month of “active symptoms” (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech)

  • Positive symptoms: Behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought,
  • Negative symptoms: Those that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Delusions of reference

A

Belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Delusions of persecution

A

Involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Delusions of grandeur

A

Also common in bipolar I disorder, involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way, such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Echopraxia

A

Imitating another’s actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Affect

A

Refers to the experience and display of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Prodromal phase

A

Clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences; prior to being diagnosed with schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Downward drift hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status, leading to worsening symptoms, which sets up a negative spiral for the patient toward poverty and psychosis. Rates of schizophrenia are much, much higher among the homeless and indigents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities

36
Q

Symptoms of major depressive episode

A 
SIG E. CAPS:
Sadness +
Sleep
Interest
Guilt
Energy
Concentration
Appetite
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thoughts
37
Q

Symptoms of a manic episode

A 
DIG FAST:
Distractible
Insomnia (decreased sleep)
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
Agitation
Speech (pressured)
Thoughtlessness (risky behavior)
38
Q

Manic episode

A

Characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following: increased distractibility, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem and grandiosity (beliefs that one is all-powerful, famous, or wealthy), racing thoughts, increased goal-directed activity or agitation, pressured speech or increased talkativeness, and involvement in high-risk behavior.

39
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

40
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Has hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

41
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions.
-The person may be surprisingly unconcerned by the symptom-which is called la belle indifference.

42
Q

Cluster A personality disorder

A

Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders

-Odd or eccentric by others

43
Q

Cluster B personality disorder

A

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders.
-Dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others

44
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

3x more common in males than in females. A pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others. Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, or a lack of remorse for said actions.

45
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

2x more common in females than in males. There is a pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable. There may be profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values. There is often intense fear of abandonment.

  • Use splitting as a defense mechanism: view others as all good or all bad
  • Suicide attempts and self-mutilation (cutting or burning) is common
46
Q

Histrionic Personality disorder

A

Characterized by constant attention-seeking behavior. These individuals often wear colorful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted. They may also use seductive behavior to gain attention.

47
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

One has a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement. They have very fragile self-esteem and are constantly concerned with how others view them.

48
Q

Cluster C personality disorder

A

Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders.
-Anxious or fearful

49
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

The affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection. The individual will see herself as socially inept and is often socially isolated, despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance. These individuals tend to stay in the same jobs, life situations, and relationships despite wanting to change.

50
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by a continuous need for reassurance. Individuals with dependent personality disorder tend to remain dependent on one specific person, such as a parent or significant other, to take actions and make decisions.

51
Q

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

A

The individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order. Other characteristics include an inability to discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and maintenance of careful routines.

52
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • Resting tremor (a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used)
  • Pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth, as if rolling something in the fingers)
  • Masklike facies (a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth)
  • Cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb),
  • Shuffling gait with stooped posture
  • L-Dopa
53
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled.

54
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action.

55
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A

Nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response

56
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

57
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory processing station

58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

Creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

60
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions

61
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Critical for experiencing emotion

62
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Specifically is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making

63
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others.

64
Q

Biological Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Diffuse atrophy of the brain on CT or MRI
  • Flattened sulci in the cerebral cortex
  • Enlarged cerebral ventricles
  • Deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, which is correlated with cognitive decline
  • Reduction in levels of acetylcholine
  • Reduction in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme that produces acetylcholine
  • Reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
  • Senile plaques of Beta-amyloid (a misfolded protein in beta-pleated sheet form)
  • Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphospharylated tau protein
65
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Bradykinesia (slowness in movement)
  • Resting tremor (a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used)
  • Pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth, as if rolling something in the fingers)
  • Masklike facies (a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth)
  • Cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb)
  • A shuffling gait with stooped posture
  • Decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra
66
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

The creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

67
Q

Collective rationalization

A

Ignoring warning against the ideas of the group

68
Q

Illusion of morality

A

The belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

69
Q

Excessive stereotyping

A

The construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

70
Q

Pressure for conformity

A

The pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

71
Q

Self-censorship

A

The withholding of opposing views

72
Q

Illusion of unanimity

A

The false sense of agreement within the group

73
Q

Mindguards

A

The appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

74
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Giving information about oneself to establish an identity

75
Q

Managing appearances

A

Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image.
Ex. Wearing a white coat, keeping calm while dealing with a difficult patient, mentioning associations with important researchers during an interview

76
Q

Ingratiation

A

Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
Ex. Blindly agreeing to someone else’s opinion, complimenting a friend before asking for a favor

77
Q

Aligning actions

A

Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses.

Ex. Justifications for missing deadlines, blaming a bad grade on too little sleep

78
Q

Alter-casting

A

Imposing an identity onto another person

79
Q

Primacy effect

A

Idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

80
Q

Recency effect

A

The most recent information we have about an individual is the most important in forming our impressions

81
Q

Paternalistic stereotype

A

Those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored
Ex. Housewives, elderly people, disabled people

82
Q

Contemptuous stereotype

A

Those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger
Ex. Welfare recipients, poor people

83
Q

Envious stereotype

A

Those in which the group is viewed with jealously, bitterness, or distrust
Ex. Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists

84
Q

Admiration stereotype

A

Those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings
Ex. In-group, close allies

85
Q

Medicare

A

Insurance that covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

86
Q

Medicaid

A

Covers patients who are in significant financial need

MCAT-Behavioral Sciences (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions