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Social Neuroscience > Emotion Regulation > Flashcards

Emotion Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 different types of ER

A

situation selection: avoidance or approach
situation modification: problem focused coping
attentional deployment: distraction, rumination
cognitive change: reappraisal
response modulation: suppresion

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2
Q

What are effects suppression on subjective emotion and physiological emotion? According to experiments

A
  • no change in emotion experience (disgust, sadness, amusement)
  • increased sympathetic nervous system activation
  • lower emotional expressiveness (bhvral)
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3
Q

What are effects reappraisal? According to experiments

A
  • less emotion experience, lower startle response
  • no change in physiological reactiveness
  • lower responses in brain areas of emotion such as subgenual ACC, AMY, VMPFC, INS
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4
Q

What are effects suppression and reappraisal according to individual difference data?

A
  • those scoring higher in reappraisal on questionnaire had less negative experience and more postive experience
  • those high in suppression had less positive experience
  • better welfare longterm for reappraisal
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5
Q

What are the consequences of reappraisal / suppresion for memory? Gross 2002

A

Suppression negatively affects verbal memory relative to control whereas reappraisal doesnt. Explanation of Gross: because they have to remember to suppress continuously, late strategy, whereas reappraisal is an early strategy. Suppression is also correlated with poorer mory in individual difference data.

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6
Q

What is the cognitive control model of emotion, MCCE? (Ochsner, 2012)

A

control systems in pfc and cingulate cortex influence emotional responses by influencing the activity in affect systems

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7
Q

How does Goldin 2008 experiment measure the different effects of reappraisal vs suppression

A
  1. trained in techniques: ‘think objectively vs keep face still”
  2. elicit disgust emotion by watching videos (control: nature scenes)
  3. 4 conditions: watch neutral, watch negative, watch reappraise, watch suppress
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8
Q

Results of Goldin 2008 reappraisal?

A

watch-reappraisal vs watch-neg: reduced emotion experience, less AMY during late component (10-15s), less AI, more lateral ad medial PFC during early component (less than 5s), more pfc during early correlated with less amy, insula during late.

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9
Q

Results of Goldin 2008 for suppression?

A

watch-suppression vs watch-neg: also reduced emotion experience but no reduced neural responding. enhanced AMY, AI during late component, and enhanced lateral and medial pfc during late but not early component.

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10
Q

what is the role of AMY in emotions?

A

detecting and encoding stimuli (biologically )relevant to goals, rewards/punishment, learned AND innate, and triggering an emotional response.

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11
Q

what is the role of insula in emotions?

A

interoceptive awareness of visceral, bodily state. Anterior insula may also include cognitive awareness of state. Heavily activated by such things as disgust, pain, gut feelings, butterflies etc.

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12
Q

what is the role of dlpfc in ER?

A

redirecting attention to reappraisal relevant stimulus features, keeping in mind the reappraisal goal and content of reappraisal. Eg

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13
Q

what is the role of teh ACC in ER?

A

monitoring the extent to which emotions are regulated

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14
Q

what is the role of VLPFC in ER?

A

inhibiting or selecting goal (in)appropriate responses and information from semantic memory.

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15
Q

what are some supporting study results for the MCCE?

A
  • DMPFC/VLPFC activation during reappraisal significantly reduces AMY via VMPFC
  • reappraisal related activation in VLPFC/DLPFC reduces negative affect via AMY or vStriatum activation.
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16
Q

what is the role of vmpfc in emotions?

A

tracks the value of stimuli in a context and goal dependent manner by integrating AMY, striatum, prefrontal areas and subcortical areas

17
Q

What exactly goes wrong emotion-wise in SAD?
Results Goldin 2009

Method:
harsh faces vs violent scene vs neutral scene
look vs regulate trials

A
  • SAD patients more NA towards emotionally negative stimuli (violent + social)
  • for social threat, SAD patients greater emotion-related activity than controls in MOFC, subgenual ACC, but not for physical threat
  • no group differences in amount of reduction by regulation
  • SAD severity correlated AMY response during social threat
18
Q

What are the implications/conclusions for SAD, of the picture study by Goldin 2009?

A
  • SAD patients can regulate, but bc they started out with higher NA, still have higher NA after regulation than controls
  • SAD patients are more emotionally reactive in general for behavioural measures, and for social threat specifically for neural measures
19
Q

What were limitations of the Goldin picture study that were tackled by the methodology of the 2nd Goldin 2009 study into SAD?

A
  • used Negative Self Beliefs that play large role in SAD: 10 experimenter NSBs
  • investigated timing because in healthy pps the PFC is engaged first 3s and then diminishes
20
Q

Method of Negative Self Belief study into SAD

A
  • NSBs flash during autobiographical stories of anxious situations
  • 2x REACT, 2x REAPPRAISE (blocks with 10 trials, event related fmri), 1X NEUTRAL
  • every NSB, first 9 seconds REACT or REAPPRAISE, then last 3 seconds emotion rating, then 3 seconds sentence presentation of the story, then next NSB
21
Q

Results NSB study

A
  • SAD patients less early activation PFC control areas (dlpfc, dacc)
  • neural activity during REACT the same
  • both groups can downregulate NA successfully, though SAD severity corr. less downregulation NA
  • controls had larger network activation control areas
22
Q

How can neurofeedback help SAD?

A
  • first pick region maximally activated in pp (eg in response to negative pictures)
  • instruct pp to try different strategies (eg imagery, memories), and use that which gets the biggest change in feedback
  • feedback in form amplitude of activation
  • include sham condition in which pp gets random feedback from someone else (to prove the feedback is vital, not just the performance)
  • DVs: mood and neural activity in said region
23
Q

What did Hamilton find in their study of neurofeedback for MDD patients?

A
  • compared to sham, greater decrease in salience network to negative stimuli
  • greater decrease in negative response to negative adjectives and negative scenes
24
Q

which structures are in the salience network and what do they do?

A

fronto insular cortex, dACC, amygdala
perception of and response, attention to personally relevant stimuli
In MDD, biased towards negative stimuli

Social Neuroscience (7 decks)

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