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Dev Psych > Emotion Regulation > Flashcards

Emotion Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

List the four functions of emotion

A

Help us seek out reward, protect ourselves, accomplish goals, avoid danger

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2
Q

How long does it generally take for emotions to peak?

A

90 seconds (different study suggests huge variability, less than a minute to more than a week).

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3
Q

What two systems are involved in physiological responses to emotion?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

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4
Q

What is the role of cognition in emotion?

A

Appraisal of relevance, intensity, and source.

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5
Q

What does LeDoux argue about emotion?

A

Emotion is only the subjective, self-aware part of the experience and therefore is a human concept. In mice, freezing/ fighting is a threat response/ behaviour. It’s unfalsifiable to say that they experience fear.

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6
Q

Explain the fear centre model of fear.

A

The subjective experience of fear is intertwined with the neural circuit that produces defensive behaviour and physiological fear responses.

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7
Q

Explain the two-system model of fear.

A

The cognitive circuit that produces the subjective experience of fear is different from the defensive survival circuit that produces defensive behaviour and physiological fear responses.

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do? (big picture)

A

Prepares body for fight/ flight/ freeze. Fear and excitement.

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? (big picture)

A

Restores equilibrium after threat response has passed. Rest and digest.

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10
Q

What are the two diverging physiological profiles of chronic stress?

A

Less amping up (baseline is already amped) or lag in recovery.

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11
Q

What are two factors that influence whether a person/animal chooses fight, flight, or freeze?

A

Personal characteristics and nature of the threat.

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12
Q

Explain what happens when experiencing a recurring emotional response (two points)

A
  • It diminishes over time.
  • Same emotional valence but the intensity, label (rage, anger, annoyance) and cause changes.
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13
Q

Explain what causes subsequent/ recurring emotional responses.

A

Only the first emotional response was caused by the event. The rest are caused by remembering it.

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14
Q

Why are teens so susceptible to rumination?

A

They talk about emotions a lot with peers.

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15
Q

What are the four characteristics of emotions?

A
  • Transient
  • Situational
  • Subjective
  • Generate physiological, cognitive, and behavioural responses.
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16
Q

Define emotional regulation.

A

The process by which people monitor, evaluate, and modify their emotional experiences and behavioural and cognitive responses.

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17
Q

List three signs of emotional dysregulation.

A
  • Overly intense emotions
  • Impulsive behaviour
  • Lack of emotional awareness
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18
Q

What does it mean that emotional regulation is outcome oriented?

A

We manage our emotions to achieve our goals.

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19
Q

What are three benefits of emotional regulation?

A

Better psychological well-being, relationships, and functioning

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20
Q

List three cognitive strategies for emotional regulation.

A

Reappraisal, acceptance, rumination

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21
Q

Define reappraisal.

A

To reassess and reinterpret the meaning of an event or situation to increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions

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22
Q

Define acceptance.

A

To acknowledge and tolerate difficult emotions without trying to change them

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23
Q

Define rumination.

A

A repetitive, prolonged pattern of dwelling on negative emotions, thoughts, and memories.

24
Q

How can rumination be adaptive?

A

Can help with learning and critical thinking about past experiences. It’s the brain’s way to trying to solve a problem.

25
Q

Define suppression.

A

Consciously inhibiting the expression or display of an emotion

26
Q

Why do kids throw tantrums more than adults?

A

All emotional regulation strategies are effortful and kids aren’t very good at them.

27
Q

Define problem solving.

A

Actively addressing and resolving underlying sources of distress

28
Q

Define distraction.

A

Diverting attention away from the sources of distressing emotions

29
Q

Explain the difference between efficacy and tendency in emotion regulation research.

A

Efficacy: how well does this technique work in the lab?
Tendency: how often do people actually use this technique?

30
Q

What’s a suggested mechanism for how reappraisal indirectly leads to positive outcomes?

A

Cognitive flexibility (holding the event in your mind and using very cognitively effortful processes to reappraise it)

31
Q

What does the PFC do when experiencing emotion and not trying to change it?

A

Not much.

32
Q

What does the PFC do when trying to up-regulate emotion?

A

Engages to increase activity in brain regions that control emotional expression.

33
Q

What does the PFC do when trying to down-regulate emotion?

A

Engages to decrease activity in brain regions that control emotional expression.

34
Q

What does the PFC do in relation to emotions?

A

Emotional regulation (modulating activity in limbic regions)

35
Q

What does the amygdala do in relation to emotions (one main point with three steps)?

A

Processes emotional stimuli
* Receives sensory input
* Evaluates emotional significance
* Communicates emotional significance with rest of brain

36
Q

What does the insula do in relation to emotions (two points)?

A
  • Represents information about physical self as an entity
  • Integrates motivational and sensory information to signal subjective emotions
37
Q

Why is reappraisal the most studied regulation technique?

A

Easy to do and measure

38
Q

How does reappraisal efficacy change throughout adolescence and why?

A

Efficacy increases, likely due to development of PFC

39
Q

How do activation levels of the amygdala and PFC during reappraisal change throughout adolescence?

A

Amygdala is activated less with age, PFC is more activated

40
Q

Give an example of implicit emotional regulation.

A

Extinction learning

41
Q

What kind of relationship do implicit emotional regulation strategies have with age?

A

Quadratic (adolescents have less than children and adults)

42
Q

What kind of relationship do explicit emotional regulation strategies have with age?

A

Linear

43
Q

How do self-regulation and co-regulation interact?

A

As ability to self-regulate increases, co-regulation is less important

44
Q

What does parent co-regulation do for children’s brains in emotional regulation?

A

Reduces amygdala reactivity, increases PFC engagement

45
Q

What does parental deprivation during childhood do to children’s brains in relation to emotional regulation?

A

Causes persistent amygdala reactivity and fear

46
Q

How does emotional regulation develop? (two points)

A
  • With PFC development
  • Parental scaffolding during development
47
Q

What is the effect of rumination on mental health?

A

Associated with mental disorder and depression especially

48
Q

What is the most effective emotion regulation strategy for reducing unpleasant emotional experiences?

A

Reappraisal

49
Q

What are the two most effective emotion regulation strategies for reducing physiological response?

A

Reappraisal and acceptance

50
Q

How beneficial is emotional suppression for children and why?

A

Gives cognitive benefits in 4-6 year-olds by practising inhibitory control.

51
Q

How beneficial is emotional suppression for depressed adolescents and why?

A

Suppression is detrimental for depression: reduces bonding and access to treatment.

52
Q

How beneficial is emotional suppression for adults and why?

A

Usually associated with negative outcomes, depletes cognitive resources.

53
Q

How might impairments in emotion regulation underlie depression?

A

Underutilisation of reappraisal, heightened use of suppression

54
Q

How might impairments in emotion regulation underlie anxiety?

A

Over-reliance on suppression for negative and positive emotions. Avoidance means they can’t learn that emotional displays are okay and inhibits social relationships. (Normal use of reappraisal)

55
Q

What brain activation differences are seen during reappraisal in people with MDD and SAD?

A

Reduced prefrontal cortex activation

56
Q

How does mental disorder relate to emotion regulation strategies? (three points)

A
  • Reduced strategy use
  • Reduced strategy efficacy
  • Reduced PFC engagement
57
Q

What is a downside of acceptance?

A

Acceptance can overlap with learned helplessness and disengagement.

Dev Psych (4 decks)

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