Emotion Flashcards
Measuring emotion
Cardiac output (heart rate & blood pressure)
Skin conductance (sweating)
Hormones (cortisol & adrenaline)
Pupil dilation
Measuring emotion: self-report data (Cambell & Eglert, 2012)
Meta analysis of 49 studies
Objective + subjective measures only correlate 25% of the time
Inducing emotion
Watching videos Viewing images Listening to music Recalling memories Performing tasks
What are the 3 theories of emotion?
- James-Lange theory
- Cannon-bard theory
- Schacter-Singer theory
James-Lange theory suggests that…
physiological changes cause emotions, not the other way around
Research support for James-Lange theory
Hohmann (1966): emotions are less intense for individuals with higher spinal cord injury –> brain is insensitive to a proportion of the body –> decreasing feedback about physiological responses
Research inconsistencies with James-Lange theory
Cobos et al. (2002): individuals with spinal cord injuries had the same emotional experiences/responses as a control group without spinal cord injuries
Cannon-Bard theory suggests that…
physical and emotional responses occur simultaneously but independently of one another
Criticism of James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory
Research has shown that the ANS is not required for experiencing emotions - patients with broken necks can still experience emotions despite losing feedback from their ANS
Schacter-Singer theory suggests that…
emotion is the cognitive interpretation of a physiological response - people create cognitive labels in response to feelings
Facial feedback hypothesis
muscles of facial expression can regulate emotional experience (e.g. happier as a result of smiling)
Facial feedback hypothesis: support
Botox paralyses facial muscles and prevents muscle feedback
Research: emotions are experiences less intensely post-Botox treatment (Davis et al., 2010)
Facial feedback hypothesis: Wagenmaker et al. (2016)
Meta-analysis of 17 studies
Inconsistent evidence regarding FFH
Hypothalamus is involved in the ______ _______ of emotion.
physical expression
Lateral area of hypothalamus is associated with…
pleasure
Medial area of hypothalamus is associated with…
displeasure
What is sham rage?
A state marked by fear or anger in the presence of non significant provocation
Sham rage in cats (Bard, 1927)
Cats without cerebral cortex showed sham rage (highly emotional but not directed towards threat)
Sham rage can be induced by stimulating…
the hypothalamus
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Bilateral lesions of the amygdala in monkeys results in diminished fear responses (hyperdocility)
Amygdala removal in monkeys
permanent disruption of social behaviour - fall in social standing after demonstrating a lack of threat perception)
Preparedness model (Seligman, 1970, 1971)
Display of fear to biologically relevant stimuli without experiencing it before
The general adaptation syndrome (GAS, Selye, 1951): 3 stages of the stress response
- alarm - distress signal sent to brain, causing physiological changes to prepare for “fight or flight”
- resistance - parasympathetic branch of ANS tries to return body to normal by reducing levels of cortisol produced
- exhaustion - body is depleted of energy and no longer equipped to fight stress… health risks
Aspects of empathy (Stotland & Dunn, 1963)
Cognitive (perspective taking) and emotional (sharing)
Somatic marker hypothesis:
emotion-based biasing signals arising from the body are integrated in higher brain regions (particularly VMPFC) to regulate decision-making in situations of complexity
James-Lange theory: there are different _______ _______ for different _______.
There are different PHYSIOLOGICAL PATTERNS for different EMOTIONS.
