Emotion

Question 1

What are the 5 basic emotions

Answer 1

Power and dalgleish, 2008Argue that there are 5 emotions. Fear, sadness, anger, disgust, happiness.

Question 2

What did ekman say about emotions

Answer 2

Originally included surprise to make 6 emotions1973

Question 3

Why is surprise not included as an emotion?

Answer 3

Oatley and Johnson-laird, 1987Argue surprise is a component of emotion rather than an emotion itself

Question 4

What does Barrett 2006 argue?

Answer 4

Argues that all emotions stem from a basic set of emotions

Question 5

What are the components of an emotion?

Answer 5

Power and dalgleish, 2008

Suggest emotion is comprised of several components

These components are, an event, an interpretation, an appraisal, a physiological change, action potential and conscious awareness.

Question 6

What is the James and Lange 1900 theory of emotion?

Answer 6

Suggest the stimulus comes first, then the physiological change (e.g heartbeat) and then the subjective state( the emotion).

Proposed physiology is primary and emotion is then experienced when the brain reacts to information received from the body

Question 7

What is the contructivist theory of emotion?

Answer 7

Averill 1980

Emotions are constructed as cognitive appraisals nested inside behavioural script.

Question 8

What is Darwin’s view on emotion?

Answer 8

Argued emotions developed to serve an evolutionary purpose

First emotion energises adaptive behaviours such as fight or flight.

Second emotion gives rise to signalling and communication systems that confer a significant survival on the whole species

Question 9

What is cannons central theory?

Answer 9

Cannon 1927

Suggest we feel fear before we even start running

Suggests the thalamus receives the sensory information and at the same time relays it to the cerebral cortex and autonomic nervous system.

Emotions appears directly in the brain without first the need for peripheral feedback

Question 10

What is said about emotions and goals?

Answer 10

Oatley and Johnson-laird 1987

Suggest emotions play important roles in prioritising, altering and assigning goals

Feel happy when goal is achieved
Sad when we experience failure or loss of a goal
Anxiety when goal is threatened
Anger when goal is blocked or frustrated
Disgust when gustatory goal is violated

Question 11

What did salovey 2008 say about emotion?

Answer 11

Believes emotion is the wellspring of human motivation

Suggest emotions augment rather than interfere with cognitive practises unlike historical philosophy.

Humans did not evolve to be predominantly rational or emotional beings. They are both and humans ability to adapt depends on the integration of these abilities.

Question 12

What does Tomkins 1962 say about emotion?

Answer 12

Emotions are “the primary provider of blueprints for cognition, decision and action”

Question 13

What does Hume argue about emotion?

Answer 13

1739Emotional impulses motivate all action

Question 14

What does damasio say about emotion?

Answer 14

There is a distinction between emotion and feeling

Emotion is the execution of a very complex program of actions

A feeling is actually a portrayal of what is going on in the organs when you have an emotion

Emotions have a biological/evolutionary purpose for survival

Emotions are set within out genome and modified by individual experience

Question 15

What did dutton and Aron contribute to emotion?

Answer 15

1974

Had two groups participants cross two bridges

Used thematic apperception test

Participants on suspension bridge more likely to phone back female interviewer and write sexually charged stories

Shows participants miss attributed fear for physical attraction

Shows there is a cognitive appraisal and physiological component

Question 16

What is wrong with Darwin’s theory?

Answer 16

Not everyone experience the same emotion given the same stimulus

Damasio suggests that we all have the same genome but individual experience modifies this

Question 17

What pieces of evidence does Darwin provide for basic emotions developed through evolution?

Answer 17

Some emotional expressions appear in non-human animals

Some emotions appear in young children before they can learn them through culture

Some emotions are expressed identically by humans born blind

Many emotions appear similar across human groups

Question 18

What do Tooby and cosmides 2008 say about the evolution of emotion?

Answer 18

Suggest that many individual program’s evolved such as sleep management, predator vigilance, face recognition etc.

Adaptive problem with these program’s is that if multiple program’s ran at once there would be a conflict

Suggest to avoid these problems the mind must be equipped with super ordinate program’s called emotions

Question 19

Outline power and dalgleish 2008 spaars model

Answer 19

The mind is a functional goal orientated system(based on oatley)

There is a set of components which make up all emotional states

The emotional state can be distinguished from one another through appraisal.Interpretations are down through the content of a persons mind

Distinction between emotional states, moods and dispositions. Sad mood is temporary tendency to appraise something in a loss related way. Dispositionally sad Is a permanent way

Agrees with basic emotions and them combining for complex emotions

Emotions can be appraised in conscious and unconscious ways. These don’t have to be the same

Question 20

What role does the amygdala play in emotion?

Answer 20

LeDoux (1987)

Key structure for immediate evaluation of emotionally significant stimuli

Involved in both pathways suggested by ledoux

Question 21

What does power and dalgleish say about how emotions are appraised?

Answer 21

Emotions are appraised in terms of goals . Theory of oatley 1987There are cycles of appraisal.

Question 22

What role does the central nucleus of the amygdala play?

Answer 22

Campeau et al (2001)

Suggested central nucleus is most important for emotional activation provoked by adverse stimuli

Davis (1992)

Found that when central nucleus was stimulated by electricity animals showed signs of fear

Question 23

What are survival circuits?

Answer 23

LeDoux (2012)

Discussed emotions as being part of survival circuits that developed through evolution.

Survival circuits integrate emotion, motivation, reinforcement and arousal to understand how organisms survive.

Question 24

How do lesions help us understand fear?

Answer 24

Amaral (2003)

Found that normal monkeys show fear when they see a snake, monkeys with amygdala lesions do not.

Question 25

What are the two pathways suggested by ledoux?

Answer 25

Ledoux (1987)

Suggests emotional stimuli can take two pathways.

A sub cortical pathway which has relatively few synapses and does not include complex appraisal allowing quick almost automatic response

A thalmo-cortico-amygdaloid pathway which has more synaptic connects and involved more complex evaluation

Question 26

How are emotions social?

Answer 26

Markus and kitayama (1991)

Suggest values which we hold are cultural. We get emotional about things which are personally meaningful to us.

In addition emotions are labels we use to define what we feel. Words are constructed by our culture and the meanings of words differ from culture to culture.

Japanese term oime for a feeling of indebtedness and fureai for connectedness which western cultures do not have.

This means Japanese have emotions which we may find alien.

Question 27

What evidence is there that survival circuits have their origins in primordial mechanisms?

Answer 27

MacNab and Koshland (1972)

Found that bacteria have capacity to move away from harmful chemicals and to accept chemicals that have nutritional value.

Question 28

what theorists talk about social factors?

Answer 28

Markus and Kitayama (1991) cultural differences

Averill (1980) social constructivism

Question 29

Who talks about brain structure in emotion?

Answer 29

Ledoux (1987) amygdala 
Ledoux (2012) Survival Circuits
Campeau et al (2001) central nucleus 
Davis (1991) Stimulation to central nucleus
Amaral (2003) lessions

Question 30

How can chemicals affect emotion?

Answer 30

Howell (2007) Rhesus monkeys and low serotonin