Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an emotion?

A

A personal experience that involves a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and expressive behaviour

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2
Q

What are physiological responses?

A

Changes in the body that occur when we experience an emotion.

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3
Q

What are subjective feelings?

A

based on someone’s own opinion, and their inner, personal experience. Typically they are measured as qualitative data.

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4
Q

What is expressive behaviour?

A

observable expressions of behaviour, either unintentional or intentional.

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5
Q

name the 6 basic emotions.

A

happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise

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6
Q

Who found that animals use facial expressions?

A

Charles Darwin

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7
Q

What did Ekman discover in relation to facial language and emotional expression?

A

That all humans understand the same facial language, but the way emotion is expressed is influenced by cultural background and display rules.

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8
Q

What are display rules?

A

Different norms about how, when and where to display emotions within a culture. These can differ in different contexts e.g. school or work.

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9
Q

state the DSM-V’s basic requirements for most disorders.

A

it must disrupt the sufferer’s life significantly, and most not be caused by factors like drug use.

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10
Q

give an example of a depressive disorder.

A

major depressive
persistent depressive
seasonal affective - depression that occurs in cold months

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11
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic?

A

acute: lasts not as long, more intense
chronic: lasts longer but less intense

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12
Q

Give an example of a mood disorder

A

bipolar - categorised by extreme emotions - mania and depression, typically lasts a few days to a few weeks
cyclothymic disorder - alternating depressive and hypomanic symptoms (2+ years)
Post partum depression
Atypical depression

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13
Q

Give an example of an anxiety disorder

A

generalised anxiety - 6+ months of worry, irritability, fatigue (not anything inparticular)
social anxiety
panic disorder - fear of having a panic attack
obsessive compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress
phobia -specific, intense and get in the way of life.

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14
Q

give an example of a conduct disorder

A

attention deficiet hyperactivity - trouble concentrating
oppositional defiant disorder - wanting to defy everyone
autism spectrum disorder

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15
Q

What do polygraphs measure?

A

heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and galvanic skin response.

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16
Q

What are the two types of questions used for polygraphs?

A

control and relevant

17
Q

Describe how polygraphs work.

A

if physiological responses are weaker on the control questions, it is inferred the person is telling the truth.

18
Q

What are some limitations of polygraphs?

A

Not accepted as a legitimate means of lie detection
guilt and anxiety show similar changes
able to be thwarted who can create high emotional responses to control questions

19
Q

Why is anonymity and deindividualisation an important part of road rage?

A

it comes from the belief that the consequences of your actions can be avoided. It goes both ways - you are seen as not human, and you see the other person as not human too.

20
Q

what is addiction and what are some symptoms?

A

dependence on a substance or activity, which results in its repeated and compulsive use. addicts have a lack of self control, increased desire for the it, and dismiss the behaviour. other symptoms include:
repeating behaviour which interferes with life
stealing or selling to continue behaviour
losing interest in other things
eating/sleeping/weight changes
sickness or shakiness when trying to quit.

21
Q

What are the stages of addiction

A

binge and intoxication -> withdrawal and negative effect -> preoccupation and anticipation -> binge and intoxication etc

22
Q

What are some impacts of addiction?

A

interferes with life
relapse and remission (mild and intense use in cycles)
health
bankruptcy

23
Q

What are the biological factors influencing addiction?

A

physical addiction
withdrawal symptoms
reward
use=relief

24
Q

what are the psychological factors influencing addiction?

A

paired activities
routines/habits
triggers
coping with emotions

25
Q

What are the social factors influencing addiction?

A

connections
fitting in
family/partners
cultural norms

26
Q

Explain the biological process of addiction

A
  1. reward regions are activated - sharp increase in dopamine
  2. with repeated exposure, dopamine cells stop firing in response to the reward, rather as an anticipatory response to predict it.
27
Q

Environmental stimuli, for example a place where a drug has been taken/person taken with/mental state when drug taken can elicit what?

A

conditioned surges of dopamine or trigger cravings, drug-seeking behaviours and binging.

28
Q

Describe the addictive cycle

A

stressful/unpleasant situation -> negative feelings -> using to cope -> shame -> stressful/unpleasant situation etc

29
Q

What are some ways to treat addiction?

A

medications - preventing relapse and treating withdrawal symptoms
psychotherapy
addiction case manager to coordinate and check treatment
behavioural intervention

30
Q

What are the two main approaches to explaining behaviours?

A
biological basis (born with capacity to experience common, basic emotions)
cognitive basis (emotion is influenced by an individual's interpretation of what they experience)
31
Q

Describe Plutchik’s theory of emotion (biological basis)

A

there are a set of innate, basic emotions that all people experience. Each emotion is innate and enhances our survival. He uses a model like a colour wheel to classify emotions. “Primary” emotions can be mixed to create “secondary” emotion

32
Q

What are the four characteristics that Plutchik proposed emotions have?

A
  1. They are either positive or negative (not neutral)
  2. They are primary or secondary (e.g. surprise vs disappointment, a blend of sadness and surprise)
  3. they vary in intensity
  4. many are polar opposites and are not experienced at the same time
33
Q

Describe Plutchik’s emotion solid

A

similar to a colour wheel, and emotions’ intensity is shown by dull/bright colours. the closer the emotions are on the wheel, the more they resemble eachother.

34
Q

What are the pros of Plutchik’s theory of emotion?

A
  • simplified emotions
  • by classifying emotions, individuals can be more aware of their behaviour
  • helps people share and connect
  • distance individuals from emotions - help to think more objectively.
35
Q

what are the cons and criticisms of Plutchik’s theory of emotion?

A

the model does not include pride and shame
it is too simplistic
we don’t behave like animals with predictable behavours and simple ideas

36
Q

Describe Schachter’s theory of emotion (cognitive basis)

A

The decision about the emotion is depends on the interpretation of what is happening at that time, e.g. racing pulse and flushed face at a good party may be interpreted as happiness, however the same physiological response after being insulted may be interpreted as anger.

37
Q

according to Schachter, what are the two factors that work together when experiencing emotion?

A

physiological arousal and cognitive processes.

38
Q

Describe Schachter and Singer’s experiment

A

184 participants were injected with adrenaline. one group was informed of the side effects and the other was not. Each were placed in a room with a fake participant, who acted either angry or euphoric.

39
Q

What were the results of Schachter’s and Singer’s experiment?

A

those who had no explanation for their emotions (not informed of the side effects) ere more susceptible to being emotionally influenced.