Emily Tanner Flashcards
1
Q
Human movement system is composed of what 3 systems?
A
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal
2
Q
What is the nervous system?
A
Network of specialized cells (neurons) that transmit and coordinate signals
-communication network within the body
3
Q
2 Parts of the nervous system?
A
Central and Peripheral
4
Q
Central Nervous System is composed of
A
Brain and Spinal cord
5
Q
Peripheral Nervous System is composed of
A
everything that isn’t the brain and spinal cord
6
Q
3 functions of the nervous system
A
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
7
Q
Sensory Function
A
ability of the nervous system to sense changes in internal of external environment
8
Q
Integrative Function
A
Ability of nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
9
Q
Motor Function
A
The neuromuscular response to sensory information
10
Q
Example of sensory function
A
Stretch placed on a muscle, or walking on sand and pavement
11
Q
Example of motor function
A
muscle contracts when stretched too far or changing walking pattern when going from sand to pavement
12
Q
The nervous system is responsible for
A
recruitment of muscles, learned patterns of movement, and functions of every organ
13
Q
What is a neuron
A
Functional unit of the metric system. Billions of them make up our body. How the body communicates with itself
14
Q
Neurons process and transmit info both through ____ and ____ signals
A
Electrical and Chemical
15
Q
3 parts of a neuron
A
Cell body
axon
dendrites
16
Q
Cell Body of a Neuron
A
contains a nucleus, lysomes, mitochondria, and golgi complex
17
Q
Axon
A
Transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites
Provides communication from brain and spinal cord to other body part
18
Q
Dendrites
A
gather info from other structures and transmit it back to the neuron
19
Q
3 classifications of neurons
A
Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons
20
Q
Sensory neurons
A
Respond to touch, sound, and light
-Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to brain and spinal cord
21
Q
Interneurons
A
transmit impulses from neuron to neuron
22
Q
Motor Neuron
A
Transmit nerve impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles and glands
23
Q
2 functions of peripheral nervous system
A
provide connection for nervous system and relay information from muscles back to brain via sensory receptors
24
Q
2 subdivisions of PNS
A
Autonomic and Somatic Systems
25
Autonomic nervous system
Neural input to involuntary systems (heart and digestion)
| -composed of sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
26
Somatic nervous system
nerves that serve outer areas of the body, skeletal muscle, and voluntary control of movement
27
Sensory receptors
specialized structures located throughout the body that convert heat, light, taste, sound, and motion into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response
28
4 categories of receptors
Mechanoreceptors- touch/pressure
Nocireceptors- pain
chemoreceptors- chemical smell/taste
photoreceptors- vision
29
mechanoreceptors
responsible for sensing distortion in body tissue
| -muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
30
Muscle Spindles
Run parallel to muscle fibers and sense change in muscle length and rate of length change.
- when a muscle is stretched, an impulse is sent to the spinal cord and a response to contract within 1-2 milliseconds
31
Golgi Tendon Organs
Sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of the tension change
- Activation will cause muscle to relax which prevents excessive stress or injury
32
Joint Receptors
Located in and around the joint capsule
- respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
- act to signal extreme joint positions to prevent injury
- can initiate a reflexive inhibitory response in surrounding muscles if to much stress is placed on that joint
- ex: Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles
33
Skeletal System
the body's framework composed of bones and joints
-provides shape and form for our body in addition to providing support, protection, allows for bodily movement, producing blood, and storing minerals
34
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and provide protection of vital organs
35
Joints
Junctions of bones, joints, and connective tissue at which movement occurs, aka- an articulation
36
2 divisions of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton, and appendicular skeleton
37
Axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, and vertebral column (80 bones)
38
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower extremities, pelvic girdle, and shoulders (126 bones)
39
of bones in human body
206
40
of joints in human body
Over 300
41
2 functions of bones
Leverage
| Provide support
42
Remodeling
Process of resorption and bone formation
43
Osteoblasts
laying down new bone tissue
44
Osteoclasts
removing old bone tissue
45
5 types of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
46
Long Bones
Long cylindrical shaft and irregular or wide ends
- ex: femur or humerus
- composed predominantly of compact bone tissue to ensure strength and stiffness
- also has spongey bone tissue for shock absorption
47
Upper body long bones
clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges
48
lower body long bones
femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges
49
short bones
similar in length and width, and appear cubical
| -ex: carpals of hands and tarsals of fee
50
flat bones
thin and protective
| -ex: scapulae and patella
51
Irregular bones
Unique shape and function
| -ex: vertebrae
52
Sesamoid bones
Small, round, embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes
53
Epiphyses
end of long bones mainly made of cancellous bone
- houses red marrow
- primary site of bone growth
54
diaphyses
Shaft of long portion, inside is hollow, main role is support
55
Epiphyseal plate
connects diaphysis to epiphysis.
- layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells
- growth in length of diaphysis occurs
- when adults stop growing, plates harden and fuse together so no more growing takes place
56
Periosteum
Tough fibrous membrane that coats the bone
- made of nerves, blood vessels, and bone producing cells
- provides nutritional repair and facilitates growth
- provides point of attachment for tendons
57
Medullary Cavity
Runs down the center of the diaphysis
-filled with fatty yellow marrow
made of adispose tissue and is a useful energy source
58
Articular Cartilidge
Covers ends of articulating bones
- hard, white, shiny tissue
- helps reduce friction in synovial joints
- makes joints smooth
59
Short bones
Similar in length and width and appear to be cubical in shape
-made of spongey bone tissue to maximize shock absorption
60
Flat bones
Thin bones made of 2 layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongey bone tissue
61
Irregular bones
Dont fit in any other categories
| -ex: facial bones, vertebrae, and pelvic bones
62
Sesamoid bones
Improve leverage and protect from damage
63
Bone markings
distinguishing surfaces that help increase stability and provide attachment sites
64
Depressions
Flattened or indented parts for muscle attachments
65
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, ligaments, and tendons attach
66
Vertebral Column
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
67
C1-C7
Cervical vertebrae, top 7 bones that make up vertebral column
68
T1-T12
Thoracic vertebrae, move with ribs to provide rear anchor of ribcage
-larger than cervical vertebrae
69
L1-L5
Lumbar Vertebrae, largest bones in spinal column, support body weight, most pain is felt here because of stresses along the spine
70
Sacrum
Triangular bone just below the lumbar vertebrae
| -composed of 4/5 bones that fused together during adulthood
71
Coccyx/Tailbone
3/5 Bones that fuze together as an adult
72
What is between the vertebrae?
Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers
73
3 Major curvatures of the spine
1- posterior concavity of cervical spine
2-posterior convexity of thoracic spine
3-posterior concavity of lumbar spine
74
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion (roll, slide, spin)
75
Rolling Joint Movement
One joint rolls across surface of another like bike tire on street
-ex: femoral condyles rolling over tibial condyles during a squat
76
Sliding joint movement
one joint slides over surface of another like bike tire skidding
77
spinning joint movement
One joint twists on top of other like opening a jar
78
Synovial Joints
Most common type of joing
| -80% of joints in body
79
Types of Synovial joints
gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, ball & socket
80
Gliding joint
simplest movement
| - back and forth or side to side
81
condyloid joint
condyle of one bone fits into elliptical cavity of another bone
82
hinge joint
uniaxial
- moves in one plane of motion
- elbow
83
saddle joint
one bone fits like a saddle on another bone and moves in 2 planes
84
pivot joint
only one axis, moves predominantly in one plane of motion
85
ball and socket joint
most mobile of joints, moves in 3 planes of motion
| ex: shoulder
86
Nonsynovial
No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue, little or no movement
87
Ligaments
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone
- provides static and dynamic stability in the nervous system
- made of collagen and elastin
- collagen fibers are parallel to forces placed on ligaments and help withstand tension
- some ligaments have more elasticity than others
- have poor blood flow meaning they're slow to heal
88
Exercise's effect on bone mass
helps achieve peak bone mass
- allows us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance to prevent injuries
- weight bearing exercise is best for bone strength
- ex: resistance training, walking, body weight squats, pushups, jogging, climbing stairs, dancing
89
Muscular System
Series of muscles that move the skeleton
90
Muscles are the ___ and ___ of the body
Movers and Stabilizers
91
Skeletal muscle
made of individual muscle fibers
92
1st Layer of muscle fibers
Epimysium
93
Epimysium
Connective tissue under the fascia and surrounds the muscle
94
Inside the epimysium is ____
Fascle
95
Perimysium
Surrounds the fascicles
96
Endomysium
Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle fibers
97
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone and provide anchor for muscles to produce force
98
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane that encloses muscle fibers
| -inside is cell plasm called sarcoplasm
99
Sarcoplasm
contains glycogen, fats, minerals, and myoglobin
100
Sarcomere
Functional unit of the muscle
- produces muscular contraction
- consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
101
2 protein structures important to muscle contraction are___ and ____
Tropomyosin and Troponin
102
Neural Activation
Contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
103
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
104
Type 1 Muscle
Slow Twitch
- More capilaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- increased oxygen delivery
- smaller in size
- less force produced
- slow to fatigue
- long term contractions
105
Type 2 Muscle
Fast twitch
- few capilaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- decreased oxygen delivery
- larger in size
- more force produced
- quick to fatigue
- short term contractions
106
All muscles have a combination of both types of muscle fibers depending on the function of the muscle
True of Fals
TRUE
107
All or nothing law
if one nerve is stimulated, then it will spread through the whole set of muscle fibers. if stimulus is not strong enough, no action potential and no muscle contraction
108
4 types of movers
Agonist, synergist, stabilizer, antagonist
109
Agonist
Prime movers/responsible for movement
110
Synergist
Helper of the prime mover
111
Stabilizer
supports and stabilizes the body
112
Antagonist
Performs the opposite action of prime mover
113
Primary glands are __, ___, ___, and ___
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal
114
"Master gland"
Pituitary gland, controls functions of other glands
115
Which gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism and affect growth
Thyroid
116
Which gland secretes hormones (corticosteroids, catecholmines, cortisol, and adrenaline) in respond to stress?
Adrenal
117
What is primary energy source during vigorous exercise
glucose
118
what is principal fuel for brain?
glucose
119
too much ___ can damage the vascular system
glucose
120
What controls glucose and insulin?
Pancreas
121
what helps regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body?
Insulin
122
Glucagon
Opposite of insulin
- functions to raise blood glucose by triggering release of glycogen stores from liver.
- drop in circulating blood glucose triggers release of glucagon from pancreas
123
As activity levels increase, ____ ____ by cells increases.
Glucose uptake
124
Glucagon maintains steady supply of
Glucose
125
Catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
- produced by adrenal glands on top fo each kidney
- help prepare body for activity
- fight or flight hormone
- hypothalamus triggers adrenals to secrete epinephrine for fight
126
Epinephrine
Increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevatees blood glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissues, opens up airways
127
Testosterone
produced in Testes in males, ovaries and adrenal glands in women.
- males produce 10x more
- fundamental in growth and repair of tissue
128
Estragen
produced in ovaries and adrenals in males
129
Cortisol
Catabolic hormone
- secreted by adrenals
- maintains high energy supply
- too much can lead to breakdown of muscle tissue and other bad effects
130
Growth hormone
released from pituatary, regulated by hypothalamus
- stimulated by estrogen, testosterone, deep sleep, vigorous exercise
- primary anabolic hormone responsible for most of growth and development during childhood before sex hormones take over
- increases development of bone, muscle tissue, and protein synthesis
- increases fat burning and strengthens immune system
131
Thyroid gland
located at base of neck below thyroid cartilage
| -releases metabolism hormones
132
____ and ____ levels increase after strength training and moderate aerobic exercise
Testosterone and growth hormone
133
What lowers testosterone and raises cortisol?
prolonged bouts of endurance training or extremely intense training
