Emerging/re-emerging diseases

Question 1

Emerging infections since 1973

Answer 1

Ebola virus 
Legionella
E. coli O157:H7
Borrelia burgdorferi
Vibrio cholerae O139
SARS-CoV-2

Question 2

Pathogen and emergence

Answer 2

Evolution of pathogenic infectious agent (increased virulence)
Development of drug resistance
Resistance of vectors to pesticides

Question 3

Host and emergence

Answer 3

Demographic change
Mass migration due to natural or man-made disasters
International travel
Poverty
Changes in agricultural/food production patterns

Question 4

Environment and emergence

Answer 4

Climate and changing ecosystem
Deforestation brings animals closer
Breakdown of public health measure (refugee camps)
2/3 emerge from animals

Question 5

Koch’s postulate

Answer 5

Evidence of microbe in every case of disease
Isolate and cultivate microbe from infected subject
Inoculate healthy subject with laboratory isolate
Re-isolate microbe from subject

Question 6

Climate change and re-emergence

Answer 6

Bacteria and viruses frozen in glaciers and permafrost
15000 year old viruses found in chinese glaciers
Exposure to anthrax from melting permafrost