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I&I WC1 > Emerging infectious diseases - Background > Flashcards

Emerging infectious diseases - Background Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major global threats when it comes to changing ecosystems? (3)

A
  1. Biodiversity loss
  2. Global warming
  3. Zoonotic risk
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2
Q

What are the drivers of the increased extinction of species since 1900? (5)

A
  1. Changes in land and sea use
  2. Direct exploitation of organisms
  3. Climate change
  4. Pollutions
  5. Invasion of alien species
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3
Q

What are the underlying causes for the drivers of extinction of species? (3)

A
  1. Twofold increase in human population
  2. Fourfould increase in the global economy
  3. Tenfold increase in global trade
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4
Q

Which planetary boundaries have currently been exceeded? (4)

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Biodiversity loss
  3. Land usage
  4. Disturbance of biochemical flows
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5
Q

What are important underlying causes for the increase of zooneses in the past 40 years? (3)

A
  1. Increased human incursion into forests
  2. Increased numbers of farmed animals
  3. Increased trade/transport of animals
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6
Q

What is a major cause for the emergence of AIDS?

A

Increased human incursion into forests

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7
Q

What are underlying factors for the emergence of AIDS? (3)

A
  1. Deforestation
  2. Expansion of human communities
  3. Increased connectivity & global travel
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8
Q

What are underlying causes for the emergence of human-pathogenic avian influenza? (3)

A
  1. Increased numbers of poultry
  2. Avian-human contact at poultry farms & live animal markets
  3. Spillover into migratory birds
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9
Q

What are underlying causes for the emergence of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2? (2)

A
  1. Increased capture and trade of wildlife
  2. Wildlife-human contact at live animal markets
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10
Q

What is the current WHO roadmap for the prevention of emerging pathogens aimed at?

A

Containing pathogens after they have emerged

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11
Q

What are important pillars of the WHO roadmap for the prevention of emering pathogens? (4)

A
  1. Establish surveillance for early warning
  2. Acquire better understanding of pathogenesis, natural history & epidemiology
  3. Develop and implement improved diagnostics, preventitives and therapeutics
  4. Provide financial support for these measures
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12
Q

Why is it important to switch to a proactive approach in countering emerging infections?

A

It is easier to prevent emergence than to counter diseases after emergence

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13
Q

What is an emerging infectious disease (definition)?

A

Infectious disease that has recently:
1. Increased in incidence, geographic range OR
2. Moved into a new host species OR
3. Been caused by newly evolved pathogens

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14
Q

What is a natural reservoir host (definition)?

A

Species in which a pathogen endemically circulates, and is considered to have coevolved with

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15
Q

What is an intermediate/amplifying host (definition)?

A

Species infected by a pathogen that is not the reservoir host, but play an important role in spillover to humans

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16
Q

What is a vector (definition)?

A

Carrier/disease-causing agent from an individual to a non-infected individual or to its food/environment

17
Q

What are often vectors of infectious disease?

A

Non-vertebrate species

18
Q

How many % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate in animals?

A

> 60%

19
Q

Which two animal classes are important sources of emerging zoonotic infections?

A
  1. Birds
  2. Mammals
20
Q

Which two groups of birds are important for emerging zoonitic infections? Are these the largest numbers of species?

A
  1. Anseriformes (waterfowl)
  2. Galliformes (ground-feeding birds)

No, these are not the largest classes, but are the classes that are frequently in contact with humans

21
Q

What is the most abundant bird species in the Netherlands?

A

Chickens (captive)

(non-captive = sparrow)

22
Q

What are the two biggest groups of mammals (numbers of species)?

A
  1. Rodentia (rodents)
  2. Chroptera (bats)
23
Q

True or false: some orders of birds/mammals have a higher chance of carrying zoonotic viruses

A

False: in principle all groups have equal chance, but some are in closer contact with humans/more abundant, increasing chance of transmission

24
Q

Why would it be advantageous to know which orders of animals are more likely to carry zoonotic disease? (4)

A
  1. Allows for targeted surveillance
  2. Allows for study of underlying mechanisms in carrier species
  3. Allows for prevention
  4. Helps to predict epidemiology
25
Q

What is the role of domesticated animals in zoonosis?

A

Often serve as an intermediate host for zoonotic infectious diseases

26
Q

How many % of zoonotic diseases in humans is associated with current agricultural practices?

A

~50%

27
Q

Why do current agricultural practices increase the chance of emerging infectious diseases?

A

Negative effects on biodiversity and contact rates with domestic and wild animals

28
Q

Which factors at live animal markets make zoonoses more likely? (5)

A
  1. Overcrowding
  2. Poor hygiene
  3. Mixing of diverse species
  4. Travel of purchased animals
  5. Complex trading chains
29
Q

What are characteristics of avian influenza A viruses that make it likely to spead at live animal markets? (3)

A
  1. High diversity of host species
  2. High mutation rate
  3. Possibility of reassortment

I&I WC1 (20 decks)

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