emerging and reemerging pathogens Flashcards
1
Q
bacteriostatic
A
-slows growth of the bacteria so that the immune system has time to catch up
2
Q
bactericidal
A
kills targeted organism
3
Q
antibiotics work by
A
inhibiting specific processes that are essential for bacterium to grow
4
Q
intrinsic resistance
A
- is a result of the bacteria’s inherent mechanism of action against a particular drug
- born with it
- example: gram neg are resistant to vancomycin because the bacteria have a protective outer membrane that wont let the drug in (not on gram+)
5
Q
acquired resistance
A
- results from a change in the bacteria’s genetic composition that makes a previously effective drug ineffective
- survival of the fittest
6
Q
community acquired infections
A
- pneumoccal pneumonia- penicillin resistant
- tick-borne disease- lyme disease
- mosquito-transmitted west nile virus
- viral encephalitis
- increasing Hep C
7
Q
contributing factors to the spread of resistant infections
A
- worldwide population growth
- increased urbanization and crowding
- human disruption of animal, plant, and microbial habitats
- increasing number of elderly
- shifting sexual behaviors
- IV drug use
- decline in research for the development of new antibiotics
- lack of funding for antibiotic research and development
8
Q
contributing factors to the spread of resistant infections cont.
A
- poverty and inaccessible medical care
- ineffective infection control and compliance
- increasing number of immunosuppressed people: transplantation; indwelling catheters; chemotherapeutic drugs, aggressive surgical techniques increasing LOS
9
Q
nosocomial infections
A
- develops when a pt is admitted to a healthcare facility AND they did not have the infection before they arrived
- at least 5% of hospitalized pts each year in the US develop nosocomial infections
- many of these are preventable
10
Q
Staphlococcus Aureus
A
- Gram +
- found on skin, wounds, nose, axillae and perineum
- 90% of all staph are resistant to penicillin/methicillin
- can cause major problems in large wounds or in the respiratory system
- common in nursing homes
- 80,000 hospitalized per year
11
Q
methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA)
A
- super bug
- acquired in many possible setting, especially hospitals
- health care workers exposed to MRSA can become infected and spread it to others
- MRSA can live on surfaces and clothing for days
12
Q
populations with MRSA
A
- children/elderly
- inmates
- military recruits
- HIV pts
- religious communities
- hospitals/nursing homes
- football teams
- wrestlers
- gymnasts
- fencing teams
- homeless
- immunosuppressed
- ICU’s
13
Q
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
A
- gram +
- normally found in bowel, female genital tract, and environment
- spread by fecal-oral transmission
- can live in environmental surfaces for weeks
- resultants: 110000 UTI’s, 25000 bacteremias, 4000 wound infections, 1100 cases of endocarditis annually
14
Q
clostridium difficile (CDiff)
A
- spore forming Gram+ rod
- part of normal flora
- can live in the environment for up to 70 days
- pt rooms need terminal clean with bleach
- not responsive to hand sanitizers- must wash hands with soap and water
15
Q
CMV: cytomegalovirus
A
- once infected, virus remains in your body for life
- transmission through body fluids (blood, saliva, urine, semen, tears, breast milk)
- especially dangerous to pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals
