Emergency panic last minute

Question 1

AS valve intervention indications

Answer 1

• Symptoms
• LVEF <50%
  Or consider if:
• Flow >4m/s
• Gradient >40mmHg
• Valve area <1cm2

Question 2

AS causes

Answer 2

• Degenerative/calcific
• Congenital - bicuspid
• Rheumatic heart disease

Associated with Turner’s, coarctation,