Emergency Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
What is the considered temperature for mild hypothermia?
A
- 34 C -36 C
- 93.2 F - 93.2 F
2
Q
What is the considered temperature for moderate hypothermia?
A
30 C - 34 C
86 F - 93.2 F
3
Q
What is the considered temp for sever hyperthermia?
A
less than 30 C
less than 86 F
4
Q
What are the symptoms for mild hypothermia?
A
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
- shivering
5
Q
What are the Sx of moderate hypothermia?
A
- loss of shivering reflex
- alterations of conciseness
- bradycardia
6
Q
What are the Sx of Severe hypothermia?
A
- fixed dilated pupils
- ventricular fibrilation
7
Q
What is the Tx for hypothermia?
A
- take off wet clothing
- warm IV fluids
- warm blankets
- heated O2
- extracorporeal blood warming*, Gold Standard of Tx
8
Q
What is the Gold Standard of Tx for hypothermia?
A
extracorporeal blood warming
9
Q
What is the Tx for frostbite?
A
- rewarming
- hyperbaric oxygen
- or surgical debridement
10
Q
What are the findings with 1st degree frostbite?
A
-freezing without blistering
11
Q
What are the findings with 2nd degree frostbite?
A
-freezing with clear blistering
12
Q
What are the findings with 3rd degree frostbite?
A
-freezing with death of skin
13
Q
What are the findings with 4rth degree frostbite?
A
-freezing with full thickness involvement, tissue and bone
14
Q
What are the S/Sx of frostbite?
A
-initial white or blue/white cold skin
15
Q
What are the S/Sx of Heat Stroke?
A
- altered mental status
- multiorgan dysfunction
- core temp over 41C (105.8 F)
- Head ache
- siezures
16
Q
What is the Tx for heatstroke?
A
-rapid body temp reduction
17
Q
What is the most common cause of death in electrical injuries?
A
-respiratory arrest
18
Q
What are the other common problems with electrical injuries?
A
- ventricular fibrillation
- asystole
19
Q
What are the S/Sx of High-Altitude sickness?
A
- Headache
- Nausea
- fatigue
- weakness
- insomnia
20
Q
What is the treatment for High-Altitude sickness?
A
- decent
- oxygen
- antiemetics
- if decent is not possible, tx with dexamethasone or acetazolamide
21
Q
What are the two types of poisonous snakes?
A
- pit vipors
- Elapids
22
Q
What snakes are pit vipers?
A
- rattle snakes
- water moccasins
- copperheads
23
Q
What are the Elapid snakes?
A
- coral snakes
- cobras
24
Q
What is the Tx for poisonous snakes?
A
-antivenom (Crotalide Polyvalent)
25
What are the S/Sx of a Black Widow Spider bite?
- sever pain
- muscle spasms of the abdomen and trunk
- severe hypertension
- tachycardia
26
What is the Tx for a Black Widow Spider bite?
- narcotic analgesics
- local ice
- antivenom only for seriously ill
27
Describe a Brown Recluse spider?
-Dark, violin-shaped area on its back
28
A Brown Recluse Spider causes these tissue changes?
- it's cytotoxic venom tissue necrosis
| - it also causes hemolysis
29
What is the Tx for a Brown Recluse Spider?
+/- dapsone (sulfonamide antibiotic)
| -antivenom (not in the US)
30
What is the cause of hypovolemic shock?
-bleeding
31
What are the S/Sx of hypovolemic shock?
- initially tachycardia
- advances to hypotension
- cool skin
32
What is the Tx for hypovolemic shock?
-fluids, 20cc/kg
-blood transfusion
+/- surgery
33
What is the cause of cardiogenic shock?
pump problem / heart pumping problem
34
What are the etiology of cardiogenic shock (pumping problems) ?
- MI
- tachydysrythmias
- bradycardia
35
What are the S/Sx of cardiogenic shock?
- hypotension (low EF)
| - cool skin
36
What is the Tx for cardiogenic shock?
- MI treatments
- vasopressors
- IAPB
37
What is the etiology of Anaphylactic Shock or Bronchospasm?
- could be any agent
| - usually food
38
What are the S/Sx of Anaphylactic Shock?
- difficulty breathing
| - hypotension
39
What is the Tx for anaphylactic shock?
- epinephrine 0.3 - 0.5 sub q
- albuteral
- steroids
40
What is the usual cause of septic shock?
-often gram negative rods
41
What are the S/Sx of septic shock?
- fever
- tachypnea
- hypotension with decreased SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
42
What is the Tx for septic shock?
-IV antibiotics
43
What is neurogenic shock?
-spinal cord injury
44
What are the S/Sx of neurogenic shock?
-hypotension due to loss of vascular tone which causes warm flushed skin
45
What is the Tx for neurogenic shock?
- vasopressors
- volume
- surgery
46
What are the causes of Obstructive Shock?
- -tension pneumothorax
- pericardial tamponade
- PE
47
Describe the Rule of 9 for Adult burns?
- head/neck 9
- R arm 9
- L arm 9
- Torso, front 9
- Torso, back 9
- R leg 9
- L leg 9
- Genitalia 1
Total 100
48
What is Hyponatremia?
< 136 mEq/L
49
What is the etiology for hyponatremia?
-hypotonic (water) > hypertonic (glucose and mannitol)
50
What are the S/Sx of hyponatremia?
- HA
- HV
- seizures
- cerebral edema
51
What is the Tx for hyponatremia?
-fluid restriction
| +/- hypertonic 3% saline solution
52
What is hypernatremia?
> 146 mEq/L
53
What are the causes of hypernatremia?
- Net water loss
| - Sodium gain (Cushings Syndrome)
54
What are the S/Sx of hypernatremia?
- thirst
- weakness
- seizures
55
What is the Tx for hypernatremia?
-hypotonic solutions (DW5)
56
What is hyperkalemia?
> 5.0 mEq/L
57
Is hyperkalemia an urgent situation?
-yes, it is a True emergency
58
What are the causes of hyperkalemia?
- renal failure
- ACE-inhibiors
- spironolactone
- digoxin
- Addison's disease
- oral potassium excess
59
What are the S/Sx of hyperkalemia?
- fatigue
- muscular weakness
- paresthesias
60
What does an EKG of hyperkalemia look like?
- peaked T wave
- QRS widening
- ventricular fibrillation
61
What is the Tx for hyperkalemia?
- IV calcium
- IV lasix
- glucose and insulin
- dayexalte
- albuterol
- dialysis
62
What is hypokalemia?
3.5 mEq/L
63
What is the etiology for hypkalemia?
- diuretics
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- Cushing's syndrome
- magnesium depletion
- poor intake
64
What are the S/Sx of hypokalemia?
- weakness
- paralytic ileus
- atrial or ventricular tachycardia
- ventricular fibrillation
65
What are the EKG findings for hypokalemia?
- decreased T wave amplitude
- T wave inversion
- ST depression
- U wave
- prolonged QT
- ventricular tachycardia
- Torsades de points
66
What is the tx for hypokalemia?
-IV or PO potassium
67
What is the Tx for hypokalemia?
-IV or PO potassium
68
What is Hypercalcemia?
> 11 mg/dl
69
What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
-Primary hyperparathyroidism (#1 cause)
-Malignancies (#2)
(bone, lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma)
- Lithium therapy
- Sarcoidosis
- Endocrine (thyroxicosis, pheocromocytoma, adrenal insuff)
- Drugs: tamoxifen, Vit A, Vit D
- Renal failure
70
What is the #1 cause of hypercalciemia?
-primary hyperparathyroidism
71
What is the #2 cause of hypercalciemia?
- Malignancies
- bone
- lymphoma
- multiple myeloma
72
What are the Clinical features of hypercalcemia?
- CNS
- Neuromuscular
- Cardiac
- Renal
- GI
- Eye
73
What are the CNS features of hypercalemia?
- lethargy
- depression
- psychosis
- ataxia
- stupor
- coma
74
What are the neuromuscular features of hypercalcemia?
- weakness
| - proximal myopathy
75
What are the cardiac features of hypercalcemia?
- hypertension
- bradycardia
- shortened QT interval
76
What are the Renal features of hypercalcemia?
- stones
- decreased glomerular filtration rate
- polyuria
77
What are the GI features of hypercalcemia?
- N/V
- constipation
- anorexia
78
What are the eye features of hypercalcemia?
-band keratopathy
79
What is the Tx for hypercalcemia?
- Hydration
- saline diuresis
* ***UV biphosponates (first choice)****
- inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption
- Transient fever and myalgia can occur
Calcitonin
Glucocorticoid admin is 1st line of Tx in patients with
Multiple myeloma, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, intoxication
with Vit D or Vit A
80
What is Hypocalcemia?
-Serum Calcium < 8 mg/dl
81
What is the etiology of hypocalcemia?
* ***chronic kidney disease (most common)****
- hypoalbuminemia
- hypoparathyroidism
- hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Magnesium depletion
82
What are the S/Sx of hypocalcemia?
- Tetany: state of spontaneous tonic muscular contraction
- Tingling paresthesias in the fingers and around the mouth
- Carpopedal spasm - painful contraction with abduction of the thumb, followed by flexion of the MCP joints, extension of the IP joints, and flexion of the wrists
- also seen with low magnesium
83
What are other S/Sx of hypocalcemia?
****+ Chvostek's sign: contraction of the facial muscle in response to tapping on the the facial nerve****
+ Trousseau's sign: carpal spasm occurring with BP cuff
inflation
- Neuro: focal or generalized seizures, layngospasm
- cardiac: prolongation of the QT interval
- skin: dry, flaky, and brittle nails
84
What is the Tx for hypocalcemia?
- calcium cloride
| - calcium gluconate
85
What is the a positive Chvostek's sign?
-contraction of the facial muscle in response to tapping on the facial nerve
86
When is the Chvostek's sign seen?
-hypocalcemia
87
What is the Trousseau's sign?
-carpal spasm occurring with BP cuff inflation
88
What is the etiology of an Acute Asthma Attack?
- history of disease
- aggravating factors
- illness
89
What is classification of a mild exacerbation asthma attack?
- DOE
- PEF > 70%
- Refief with inhaled SABA
90
What is a Moderate severity asthma attack?
- Dyspnea at rest
- PEF < 40 - 69
- Sx 1 - 2 days after oral steroids
91
What is a Severe asthma attack?
- Dyspnea at rest
- PEF < 40 40%
- S > days after oral steroids
92
What is a Life Threatening Asthma Attack?
- difficulty speaking
- PEF < 25 %
- no relief from SABA
93
What are the S/Sx of an asthma attack?
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
- cough
94
Why get ABG testing with an asthma attack?
-rule out respiratory acidosis
95
What is the Treatment for an asthma attack?
-oxygen
-B-agonists (repeated)
-IV magnesium
+/-BiPAP
-intubation
-systemic steroids
96
What are the Risk Factors for and Acute Pulmonary Ebolism?
- age > 50
- obestity (BMI >35)
- pregnancy
- cancer
- inherited thrombophilia
- immobility
- best rest ( 72 hrs )
- travel
- smoking
- CHF
- stroke ( 1st month)
- estrogen
- inflam conditions
97
What are the S/Sx of an Acute Pulmonary Emobolim?
- acute dyspnea
- pleuritic chest pain
- tachypnea
- hypoxia
98
How is an Acute Pulmonary Emobism Dx?
-pulmonary angiogram
99
What is the Tx for an Acute Pulmonayr Embolism?
- Oxygen
- anticoagulation
- thrombolytick therapy
100
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
-pH < 7.35 with ****pCO2 > 45****
101
What is the etiology for Respiratory Acidosis?
- Narcotics
- cardiac arrest
- airway obstruction
- pneumonia
* ***COPD****
- kyphoscoliosis
- OSA
- paralysis of respiratory muscles (guillain-barre, myasthenia gravis, tetanus, poliomyelitis)
- hypoventilation
102
What are the S/Sx of Respiratory Acidosis?
- fatigue
- irritability
- HA
- confusion
- stupor
103
What is the Tx for Respiratory Acidosis?
- reverse underlying process
- BiPAP
- intubation
104
What is Respiratory Alkalosis?
-pH > 7.45 with pCO2 < 35
105
What is the etiology for Respiratory Alkalosis?
- hyperventilation
- early shock
- early sepsis
- trauma
- anxiety
- pregnancy
- CVA
- hyperthyroidism
- pulmonary disease (asthma, pneumonia, PE)
106
What are the S/Sx for Respiratory Alkalosis?
- circumoral and digital paresthesias
- carpopedal spasm
- dizziness
- confusion
107
What is the Tx for Respiratory Alkalosis?
- Tx underlying cause
| - brown paper bag breathing
108
What is Metabolic Acidosis?
-pH < 7.35 with Bicarb < 22
109
What is the etiology for Metabolic Acidosis?
"MUD PILES" increased Anion Gab due to :
- methanol
- uremia
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- paraldehyde
- ibuprofen/INH/Iron
- lactic acidosis
- ethyline glycol
- salicylates (aspirin)
Normal Anion Gap :
- diarrhea
- renal tubular acidosis
110
What are the S/Sx for Metabolic Acidosis?
- dyspnea
- decreased cardiac function
- hyperkalemia
- obundation
111
What is the Tx for Metabolic Acidosis?
- Tx underlying disease
| - IV bicarbonate
112
What is Metabolic Acidosis?
-pH > 7.46 with Bicarb > 26
113
What is the etiology for Metabolic Acidosis?
- vomiting
- volume depletion (diuretics)
- if hypertensive think primary aldosteronism
114
What are the S/Sx of Metabolic Acidosis?
- lethargy & confusion
- hypokalemia
- hypocalcemia
- hypomagnesaemia
115
What is the Tx for Metabolic Acidosis?
-acetazolamide
116
What are the 3 types of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
- insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle
- Plaque rupture and thrombin or emboli
- Stable angina > Unstable angina > NSTEMI > STEMI
117
What are the S/Sx of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
- chest pain
- DOE
- heartburn
- L arm pain
- anxiety
- diaphoresis
- nausea/vomitting
118
What are the EKG findings in Acute Coronary Syndrome?
- ST depression or elevation
| - EKG may be normal
119
What are the Lab findings with Acute Coronary Syndrome?
-elevated enzymes if infarction (troponin, CK)
120
What is the Tx for Acute Coronary Syndrome?
-MONA
-beta blockers
+/- thrombolytic therapy
-percutaneous coronary intervention
-CABG
121
Describe an Aortic Dissection>
-a rare but deadly disease due to tearing of there aortic intima
122
What is a Type A aortic dissection?
-involves the ascending aorta
123
What is a Type B aortic dissection?
-involves other than the ascending aorta
124
What are the Risk Factors for an aortic dissection?
- hypertension
- cystic medial necrosis
- trauma
125
What are the S/Sx of an Aortic Dissection?
-abrupt chest pain often radiating to the back
-pulse differential
+/- aortic regurgitation murmur
126
How is an aortic dissection Dx?
- aortography
- CT scan with contrast
- Echo (TEE)
127
How are Aortic Dissection Tx?
- Type A, Tx by surgery
| - Type B, Tx with medication
128
How are Hypertensive Urgency/Emergency Tx?
- may be treated Without or With Symptoms
| - Tx is Nitroprusside, IV Labetalol
129
What are the causes/etiology of Pericarditis?
- infections
- neoplasms
- MI
- uremia
130
What are the S/Sx of Pericarditis?
- fever
- chest pain, worse with leaning forward
- pericardial friction rub
- effusion
131
What are the EKG findings for Pericarditis?
-diffuse ST elevation
132
What is the Tx for Pericarditis?
- morphine
- pericariocentesis
- or pericardial window
133
ACLS now changed to C-A-B, what is this?
-Airway, Breathing, Circulation
134
What is the ACLS pharmacology for Epinephrine?
-1 mg, any pulseless rhythm
135
What is the ACLS pharmacology for Vasopressin?
-40 units, VF/pulseless VT
136
What is the ACLS pharmacology for Amiodarone?
- 300 or 150 mg bolus then gtt for VT/VF/SVT
137
What is the ACLS pharmacology for Magnesium?
- 1-2 g, Torsade de pints
138
What is the ACLS for Atropine?
- 0.5 -1 mg for bradycardia
139
What is the ACLS for Adenosine?
- 6-6-12 mg doses for SVT
140
What are the conditions considered in the Acute Abdomen?
- appendicitis
- obstruction
- mesenteric
- ischemia
- GI bleed
- ectopic pregnancy
- pacreatitis
- cholecystitis
- pyelonephritis
- PID
- intussusception
141
What are the S/Sx of the acute abdomen?
- pertioneal inflammation (+/- rebound tenderness)
- pain that precedes the vomiting or diarrhea
- pain out of proportion of the physical exam
142
What is the Tx for at the Acute Abdomen?
-treat the underlying cause
143
What is another name for Esophageal rupture?
-Boehaave's Syndrome
144
Describe the clinical picture of an esophageal rupture (Boerhaave's Syndrome)?
-Triad of vomiting, lower chest pain and subcutaneous emphysema
145
What is the etiology of an Esophageal rupture?
- forceful voming
- instrumentation
- trauma
146
What are the S/Sx of an Espopageal rupture?
-hypotension
-tachycardia
-dyspnea
-fever
+/- sepsis
147
How is an Esophageal rupture Dx?
- contrast-enhanced CT
| - water soluble esophageal fluoroscopy or barium esophagram
148
What is the Tx for an Esophageal rupture?
- NPO
- IV antibiotics
- surgery
149
What are the Neurologic emergencies by percentage?
- Ischemic stroke (80%)
| - Hemorrhagic stroke (20%)
150
What are the causes (etiology) for a ischemic stroke?
- thrombotic
- embolic
- lucunar occlusions
151
What are the risk factors for an ischemic stroke?
- A fib
- valve disease
- bleeding dyscrasias
- atherosclerosis (HTN, TIA's, hyperlipidemia, smoking, +family hx use of oral contraceptives)
152
What are the S/Sx for an ischemic stoke?
- they very
| - neurological defects in sensory motor or speech function
153
How is an ischemic stroke Dx?
-Emergent non-contrast head CT scan
154
How is an ischemic stroke Tx?
-Thombolitic therapy as per AHA?ASA guidelines
155
What are the two types of hemorrhagic stroke?
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
| - Intracerebral Hemorrhage
156
What is the etiology of a Hemorrhagic stroke?
-80% due to saccular or berry aneurysms
157
What are the risk factors for a hemorrhagic stroke?
+family hx
- NTN
- smoking
- heavy ETOH
- connctive tissue diseases
- polycystic kidney disease
158
What are the Sx of a hemorrhagic stroke?
- "worse headache of my life"
- N/V
- neck stiffness
- photophobia
- visual changes
- loss of consciousness
159
How is a Hemorrhagic stroke Dx?
- head CT
- if neg then lumbar puncture
- angiography
160
What is the Tx for intracerebral hemorrhage?
-Neurosurgery
161
What is Wernicke Encephalopathy?
-it is also known as Acute Thiamine Decficiency
162
What is the Cause of Wernicke Encephalopathy?
- Alcoholism
| - malnutrition (thiamine decficiency)
163
What are the S/Sx of Wernicke Encephalopathy?
- opthalmoplegia
- ataxia
- mental status changes
164
What are the Opthalmoplegia S/Sx seen in Wernicke Encephalopathy?
-nystagmus (horizontal or horizontal and vertical)
+/- 6th nerve palsey (eye turns inward toward the nose)
(often causes double vision)
165
What are the ataxia S/Sx seen with Wernicke Encephalopathy?
- the ataxia is a wide-based, and unsteady gait
166
What are the mental status changes seen with Wernicke Encepalopathy?
- drowsiness
- inattention
- decreased spontaneous speech
- Korsakoff's psychosis (marked impairment of recent memory and inability to retain new information)
167
What is the Tx for Wernicke Encephalopathy?
- Thiamine 100 mg IV
| - replace magnesium if needed
168
What is the Flail Chest?
-painful paradoxical motion of the rib cage or sternum due to trauma
169
What are the common associated injuries with the Flail Chest?
- rib fractures
| - pneumothorax
170
What is the Tx for Flail Chest?
-Surgery
171
What is the amount of measured pressure in a Compartment syndrome?
-increased pressure > 30 mmHG
172
What are the 4 common compartments of the leg?
- anterior
- lateral
- posterior
- deep posterior
173
What are the S/Sx of a compartment syndrome?
- pallor (pale, shiny skin)
- pulselessness
- pain
- paresthesias
- poikilothermia (increased skin temp on the affected side)
- paralysis
174
What is the Tx for a leg compartment syndrome?
-fasciotomy
175
What are the two orthopeadic emergencies?
- Flail chest
| - leg compartment syndrome
176
What are the two eye emergencies?
- Acute angle-closure (IOP > 30)
| - Central Retinal-Closure glaucoma
177
What constitutes Acute-closure glaucoma?
-IOP > 30
178
What are the S/Sx of Acute-angle closure glaucoma?
- Severe unilateral eye pain
- N/V
- Blurry vision
- mid dilated unreactive irregular pupil
- halos around lights
179
What is the Tx for Acute-angle closure glaucoma?
- Acetazolamide
- Timolol
- pilocarpine
- IV mannitol
180
What are the S/Sx of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
- sudden, painless complete loss of vision in one eye
| - cherry-red fovea
181
What is the Tx for a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
- ocular massage
- IV actazolamide
- thrombolytics
182
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
-A life threatening condition that develops when cells are unable to get glucose for energy. When cells do not receive sugar the body begins to break down fat and muscle for energy. When this occurs, ketones, or fatty acids, are produced and enter the bloodstream, causing imbalance (metabolic acidosis) called diabetic ketoacidosis.
183
What causes Ketoacidosis?
- not taking insulin
- severe infection or other illness
- severe dehydration
- or a combination of the above
184
What are the RF for diabetic ketoacidosis?
- diabetic or recent infection
- trauma
- MI
- CVA
- Ethanol
- pancreatitis
- gastroenteritis
185
What are the S/Sx of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
- fatigue
- tachypnea (Kussmaul's respirations)
- tachycardia
- altered mental status
- abdominal pain
- vomiting
- polyuria
- polydipsia
186
What are the lab findings for diabetic ketoacidosis?
-hyperglycemia
-metabolic acidosis with bicarb less than 15
+ketones in serum or urin
-hyperkalemia
+/-hyponatremia
187
What is the Tx for diabetic ketoacidosis?
- fluid therapy
- insulin
- bicarb
188
Describe the Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic state?
-a condition seen in diabetics due to severe dehydration
189
What is not seen the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
- acidosis
- ketones
- kussmaul's respirations
- abdominal pain
190
What are the risk factors for the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state seen in diabetics?
-age
-infection
-MI
-CVA
-trauma
-Medications
steriods
thiazides
anticonvulsants
191
What are the S/Sx of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state seen in diabetics?
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- weakness
192
What are the lab findings hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
- Glucose > 600
| - Bicarb > 15
193
What is the Tx for the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
- fluid therapy
| - insulin therapy
194
What is hypoglycemia>
-Glucose < 50 mg/dl
195
What are the causes of hypoglycemia?
- infection
- endocrine disorders
- drugs or ETOH
- liver failure
- intentional overdose insulin
- insulin secreting tumor
- beta blocker overdose
- pregnancy
- salicylate toxicity
196
What are the S/Sx of hypoglycemia?
- irritability
- diaphoresis
- tachycardia
- diplopia
- paresthesias
- coma
197
What is the Tx for hypoglycemia?
- IV glucose
- IM glucagon
- thiamine to ETOH patients to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
198
Descibe Thyroid Storm?
-Life threatening disorder
| 1-2 % of thyrotoxicosis
199
What are the RF for Thyroid Storm?
- thyroxic patient with illness
- infection
- surgery
- pregnancy
- CVA
- DKA
- stimulants
- ETOH
200
What are the S/Sx for Thyroid Storm?
* ***fever****
- tachycardia
- atrial arrhythmias
- mental status from confusion to coma
201
What does a EKG in Thyroid Storm look like?
- tachycardia
- increased QRS interval
- often atrial fibrillation for flutter
202
What is the Tx for Thyroid Storm?
- volume replacement
- B-blockers
- prophylthiouracil (PTU) > methimazol
- steroids
203
What are the S/Sx of testicular torsion?
- high riding testicle with "bell clapper" deformity
- absent cremaster reflex
- N/V
- abd pain
204
What is the Tx for testicular torsion?
-surgery-- must be performed within 6 hours
205
What is Priapism?
-a constant involuntary erection
206
What is the etiology for priapism?
- sickle cell
- leukemia
- carcinoma
- ETOH
- ecstasy
207
What is the Tx for Priapism?
- Hydration
- terbutaline
- corporal injection
208
What is angioedema?
-Angioedema is the rapid swelling (edema) that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface. It involves the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosa tissues.
209
What is the S/Sx for angioedema?
-swelling of the face, lips, tongue
210
What is the Tx for angioedema?
- epinephrine
- oxygen
- antihistamines
- steroids
211
What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis?
- TEN is also known as Lell's syndrome
- is a sever life threatening condition of the skin, that is usually a reaction to drugs. The top layer of the skin (epidermis) detaches from the lower layers of skin (dermis) all over there body.
212
How of the body surface does TEN involve?
-30 % of body surface
213
What is the mortality for TEN?
-30 %
214
What is cause of TEN?
-post viral
215
What is Stephen's Johnson Syndrome?
-separation of the epidermis from the dermis
216
What is the mortality rate for Stephens-Johnson Syndrome?
-5 %
217
What is the etiology of Stephens-Johnson Syndrome?
-drug induced or viral
218
What are the S/Sx of TEN or Sephens-Johnson Syndrome?
- painful bullae
- fever
- rash
- skin sloughing
- mucosal involvement
219
What is the Tx for Stephens-Johnson Syndrome and TEN?
- stop offending agent
- antibiotics
* ***do not give steroids****
220
What is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
-toxin-induced blistering dermatosis
221
What are the S/Sx of Stapylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome?
- fluid filled bullae
| - mucous membranes are spared
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What is the Tx for Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome?
-IV Nafacillin or Oxacillin
223
What is Penphigus Vulagris?
-Autoimmune disease
224
What are the S/Sx for Pemphigus Vulgaris?
- blistering often, often oral lesions 1st
| - may be toxic
225
What is the Tx for Pemphigus Vulgaris?
-fluids
-steroids
+/- antibiotics
