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COLD WAR > EMERGENCE OF COLD WAR > Flashcards

EMERGENCE OF COLD WAR Flashcards

1
Q

KEY DEFINITIONS: PROXY WAR

A

a war in which opposite sides use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly.

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2
Q

KEY DEFINITIONS: DOLLAR IMPERIALISM

A

Term coined to describe the marshall plan, which was seen as the USA using economic aid to buy empire/influence

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3
Q

KEY DEFINITIONS: CAPITALISM

A

Wealth is privately owned and goods and sevices are produced for profit as determined by market forces

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4
Q

KEY DEFINITIONS: COMMUNISM

A
  • Associated with Karl Marx
  • **Theorised that eventually the working classes would overthrow the elites and establish a classless society in which the means of production are controlled by the masses **
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5
Q

KEY DEFINITIONS: CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

A

Artificial imposition of Western culture onto another country

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6
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: WHAT IS CONTAINMENT

A

Stopping the spread of communism

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7
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: THE LONG TELEGRAM

A
  • Written by George Frost Kenan- leading US advisor in Moscow- in February 1946
  • 8000 word telegram
  • Advised the US to not allow USSR influence to go unchallenged
  • Predicted USSR expansion in 1944 memo, suggesting USSR was intending to establish a sphere of influence in Europe and Asia
  • The telegram had great impact- Kennan was recalled to Washington to advise Truman
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8
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: CONTEXT OF TELEGRAM

A
  • August 1945- first atomic bombs dropped
  • US had stockpiled 50 weapons
  • As the only nuclear power, their foreign policy was backed by the threat of strategic bombing of the USSR
  • Allowed conventiuonal US armed forces to be reduced to 10% of wartime level (12 mil in 1945-1.4 mil in 1947)
  • Downsizing alarmed Kennan who had researched the basis of Soviet foreign policy
  • This is why he sent the telegram
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9
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: THE LONG TELEGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS

A
  1. Focus on 1 threat: The USSR
  2. Defend 3 areas: Atlantic, Mediterranean and Western Pacific
  3. Restore economy and political self confidence to Britain, France, Germany and Japan
  4. Fill power vacuums in Germany and Japan to create stability
  5. Educate the American public in the realities of the situation
  6. Act as the chief defender of freedom
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10
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: THE IRON CURTAIN SPEECH

A
  • Stated it is dividing Europe in half- unshakeable, unmovable
  • Created fear of communism
  • Scaremonger into thinking something has to be done
  • Warned about soviets in Europe
  • Same impact on the public that Kennan had on the government
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11
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE (12TH MARCH 1947)

A
  • Declaration of a Cold War to Congress
  • Speech put forward the belief that US had obligation to protect world peace
  • US had obligation to protect world peace
  • Radical change in US previous isolationist foreign policy
  • Soviets saw this as US attempt to increase their sphere of influence
  • Began policy of containment
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12
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: THE MARSHALL PLAN (5TH JUNE 1947)

A
  • Belief that the economies of Western Europe needed immediate help from the USA
  • Economic extension of the Truman Doctrine
  • Melvyn P Leffler (1999) + Arnold A Offner (1999) argue that this was a watershed moment for Stalin- signalled US effort to dominate Europe
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13
Q

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: NATIONAL SECURITY ACT

A
  • Set up National Security Council:
  • President was the chair, body to co-ordinate foreign and defence policy, reconcile diplomatic and military commitments
  • Established the CIA
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14
Q

WHAT WAS THE MODEL STATE STRATEGY

A
  • US sought to establish close relations with region and reconstruct Phillipines and Japan as model states
  • Demonstrate that democracy and capitalism would bring ecomomic prosperity, freedom and happiness
  • Carried out through economic aid and military presence
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15
Q

AIMS OF MODEL STATE POLICY

A
  • Political: create pro-US democracies in Asian countries
  • Economic: Promote the spread of Capitalism and create prosperous economies and trade partners for US
  • Social: Promote US values such as freedom of speech and individualism
  • Military: Create strong anti-Communist allies for the US
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16
Q

MODEL STATE: PHILLIPINES CONTEXT

A
  • Philippines became a US colony after Spanish-American war 1898
  • American companies bought up vast areas of land to open up trade in the region
  • Philippines became dependent on US to sell to- sugar, rice, tobacco, coconuts, timber, rubber and pineapples
  • Large disparity between rich + poor= peasant unrest
  • Independence movement developed- semi independent in 1935
  • Underestimated strength of Japanese and defeated in 1942
  • US gave independence 4th July 1946- saw hypocrisy
17
Q

MODEL STATE: PHILIPPINES KEY TERMS

A
  • Filipino: People who live in the Philippines
  • Manuel Roxas: Elected as first president of the Republic on 4th July 1946
  • Huks: Communist group- guerrillas
  • Bell Trade Act 1946: **
18
Q

MODEL STATE: JAPAN CONTEXT

A
  • Had been one of world’s 5 economic powerhouses, yet end of war left low industrial and agricultural output, leading to lack of trade and food shortages
  • Women particularly vulnerable- Recruitment and Amusement Association set up- organised prostitution to protect women from rape by occupying forces.
  • Suicide rates high
  • Emperor remained in power as a symbol of continuity yet no political system so power vacuum created
  • People faced problems such as spiralling inflation, a thriving black market, looting, high numbers of homeless, orphans and widows
  • Widespread casualties and devastation from war- 3 million deaths, half a million of whom were civilians
19
Q

MODEL STATE: JAPAN KEY TERMS

A
  • SCAP: Supreme Commander of Allied Powers
  • Hirohito: Emperor (decided by God, seen as demigod) in Japan
  • Constitutional Monarch: No longer emperor but still existed- figurehead (US wanted to seem supreme)
  • Zaibatsu: underground black markets
20
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: POLITICAL SUCCESS

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21
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: POLITICAL FAILURE

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22
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: ECONOMIC SUCCESS

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23
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: ECONOMIC FAILURE

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24
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: SOCIAL SUCCESS

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25
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: SOCIAL FAILURE

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26
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: MILITARY SUCCESS

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27
Q

JAPANESE MODEL STATE: MILITARY FAILURE

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28
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: POLITICAL SUCCESS

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29
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: POLITICAL

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30
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: ECONOMIC

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31
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: ECONOMIC

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32
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: SOCIAL

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33
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: SOCIAL

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34
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: MILITARY

A
35
Q

PHILIPPINES MODEL STATE: MILITARY

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COLD WAR (7 decks)

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