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PRIMARY CARE PARAMEDIC 2021/22 > EMER 108 Health and Safety > Flashcards

EMER 108 Health and Safety Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
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1
Q

Biomedical waste

A

refers to a portion of medical wastes that require special precautions due to the waste being:
Infectious
Sharps
Cytotoxic
Especially sensitive due to the nature of the waste (i.e., human body parts)

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2
Q

Sanitation

A

removal of pathogenic microorganisms from inanimate (non-human) articles by mechanical or chemical means

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3
Q

Canadian Forces (CF) Protective Ensemble

A

One-piece multi-layer protective system that has a layer of activated carbon in the foam

The outer layer has a liquid repellent fabric

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4
Q

treatment for Episodic acute stress

A

interventions on a number of levels and professionals help

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5
Q

Biological Agents

A

can be almost completely undetectable

Most of these diseases caused by these agents will be similar to other minor illnesses commonly seen by EMS

grouped as viruses, bacteria, and neurotoxins

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6
Q

chlamydia

A

Women remain asymptomatic

Sexual contact
Treated with antibiotics

gloves

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7
Q

Social integration:

A

concept used to describe number of social roles that you have and lack of isolation

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8
Q

Genital herpes

A

Chronic

Generally transmitted through oral secretions
Or
Sexual contact

gloves

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9
Q

Standard Operating Procedures

A

deal with potentially violent incidents

They are specific procedures for response to drug labs, civil disturbances and hostage or barricade incidents

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10
Q

what are Systemic effects

A

neurological, cardiovascular, renal and heptic effects

Often develop overtime

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11
Q

Local effect

A

see effects immediately at site

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12
Q

The goals of Crisis Intervention are to:

A

Relieve the anxiety of crisis event

Facilitate recovery processes in typical individuals who are experiencing typical reactions to an atypical situation or event

Return to normal, adaptive functioning

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13
Q

when did nutrition labels become mandatory

A

December 12, 2007

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14
Q

Parasite

A

line in or on another living creature and take advantage of host by feeding off its cells and tissues

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15
Q

Hepatitis D

A

Requires host to have HBV for infection to occur

Percutaneous exposure

Gloves
Don’t go through pockets of iv drug users

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16
Q

Communicability

A

How easily the disease is able to spread from one human to another.

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17
Q

3 main ways to manage anger:

A

Emotions
Thinking pattern
Behaviors

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18
Q

Required sleep

A 
Toddlers: 11-14 hours a night 
Preschoolers: 10-13 hours a night 
School-aged children: 9-11 hours a night 
Teens: 8-10 hours a night 
Adults: 7-9 hours a night 
Older adults: 7-8 hours a night
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19
Q

Measles

A

Common in children: Viral

Airborne: Inhalation of droplets

Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

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20
Q

Importance of health relationships

A

Affect mental health, behavioral choices and overall physical health
Healthy relationship usually leads to healthy choices
Can directly affect menta health by reducing impact of stress

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21
Q

triage RPM

A

respiration
profusion/circulation
mental status

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22
Q

Insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
More common in woman
Associated with poor sleep habits
Treatment focuses on relaxation, sleep habits and pharmacology

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23
Q

Unintentional tort

A

negligence

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24
Q

Metabolic Agents Treatment

A

Amyl Nitrite

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25
Q

Pragmatism

A

Suggestions must be practical in order to work

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26
Q

4 levels of PPE

A

Level A
Level B
Level C
Level D

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27
Q

Liability or responsibility

A

when a person experiences an injury, it must be determined who was responsible

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28
Q

Changes in your body due to stress

A 
Tense muscles 
Rapid breathing and heart rate 
Headaches 
Difficulties sleeping well 
Fatigue 
Changes in sex drive 
Weaker immune system
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29
Q

Metabolic Agents: Signs and Symptoms

A 
High does of cyanide will produce following symptoms: 
Shortness of breath and gasping respirations 
Tachypnea 
Flushed skin 
Tachycardia 
Altered mental status 
Seizures 
Coma 
Apnea 
Cardiac arrest 
Apear within several minutes 
Death likely to occur if pt isn’t treated quickly
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30
Q

how many sleeping disorders are there

A

80 sleep disorders

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31
Q

Rubella

A

Viral (German Measles)

Airborne: inhalation of droplets

Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

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32
Q

neurotoxin treatment

A

respiratory and cardiovascular support

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33
Q

G Agents

A

Developed by Germans for WWI AND WWII

3 G series agents

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34
Q

BLACK triage

A

do not have a pulse and are not breathin

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35
Q

Surface-active agents

A

sometimes called surfactants or wetting agents

decrease the tension between molecules and allow a liquid to spread evenly and thoroughly wet a solid surface

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36
Q

decontamination

A

removes or neutralizes the contaminants

will always occur in the warm zone

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37
Q

Microbiology Laboratory Wastes

A

consist of all microbiology laboratory cultures (whether positive or negative), stocks or specimens of microorganisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human or animal cell cultures used in research, as well as laboratory material that has come into contact with such

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38
Q

Chain of Infection

A

A break in any of the links of the Chain of Infection will result in no infection occurring

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39
Q

physical activity requirements

A

adults require min 2.5 hrs of moderate to vigorous activity per week
strengthening 2 days a week
children 5-17 min of 60mins per day of moderate to vigorous activity every day
strengthening 3 exercises per week

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40
Q

low level disinfectant:

A

should kill vegetative bacteria and lipid viruses

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41
Q

Nerve Agents: Signs and Symptoms and Treatment

SLUDGEM
DUMBELS

A 
S – Salivation 
L – Lacrimation 
U – Urination 
D – Defecation 
G - GI Distress 
E - Emesis 
M - Miosis 
D – Defecation 
U – Urination 
M - Miosis 
B - Bradycardia, Bronchorrhea, Bronchoconstriction 
E - Emesis 
L – Lacrimation 
S – Salivation
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42
Q

The documentation of crime scene should also include things such as:

A

Nature of call

How access was gained

Condition of the scene on access

  • Obvious signs (e.g. furniture moved, signs of forced entry, broken glass, etc.)
  • Lights on or off
  • Windows/doors open or closed

Anyone present

Circumstances surrounding patient(s) 
-Position on arrival 
Condition of clothing 
-Extent of injury 
-Items found in vicinity / on the patient (purse, wallet, cell phone, jewelry, etc.)

Who entered the scene and how

What was disturbed, touched or moved (how and why) – you may need to make a sketch
If the patient was moved—how and why; what their original position was

Anything that appears “not right” or out of place

avoid documenting entrance or exit wounds or how you think they got there, even if there is a weapon in view

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43
Q

radiological attack Indicators of high level exposure are:

A

Localized burns with no apparent cause

Group of individuals with nausea and vomiting or abnormal blood counts and no noted disease cause

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44
Q

Human Anatomical Waste

A

any waste that consists of human tissues, organs, and body parts, including those parts that have been preserved, but excludes teeth, hair, and nails

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45
Q

Reservoirs:

A

place in which infectious agents live, grow and reproduce

People
Water
Food

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46
Q

4 types of supportive behaviors and describe them

A

Emotional
Expressions of empathy, love, trust and caring

Instrumental
Tangible aid and service

Informational
Advice, suggestions and info

Appraisal
Info that is useful for self evaluation

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47
Q

Red or Hot

A

(contamination) zone
PPE
All inside are considered contaminated

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48
Q

Fungi

A

similar to bacteria in that they can grow rapidly innthe precense of nutrients and organic material

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49
Q

Tort

A

the wrongful act that gives rise to a civil suit

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50
Q

Microbiology Chemical Wastes container

A

yellow

biohazard symbol

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51
Q

Acute stress

A

Most common form
Comes from demands and pressures of recent and past
Thrilling and exciting in small doses
Overdoing short term stress can cause psychological distress, tension headaches, upset stomach etc

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52
Q

Botulinum Toxin results

A

affects the nervous systems ability to function

Voluntary muscle control will diminish as the toxin spreads

cause muscle paralysis that begins at the head and face and travels downward through the body

accessory muscles and diaphragm will become paralyzed and the patient will go into respiratory arrest

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53
Q

Vesicants (Blister Agents) skin sign and symptoms

A 
Burning, reddening 
Pain 
Large blisters 
Grey discoloration  
Lewisite and Phosgene Oxime 
Swollen or closed eyes 
Blindness
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54
Q

tetanus

A

Toxoid
Common in agricultural area with animal waste
Found in intestines of horses and other animals

Puncture wound
Contaminated street drugs

Gloves
Teatnus booster every 10 years

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55
Q

steps to solve difficult problems

A 
Step 1: how to know if you have a problem 
Step 2: what is the problem 
Step 3: how will I know when I get there
Step 4: Possible solutions  
Step 5: What’s the best solution 
Step 6: put your solution into action 
Step 7: check up on your progress
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56
Q

behaviors that promote sleep

A

Finding a room temperature that is comfortable for you

Minimize noise if the sound is keeping you awake

Playing soft music or white noise

Darken room

Develop a bedtime routine

Go to bed when feeling tired not before

Avoid excessive mental stimulation just before bed

Avoid day time naps if
interfering with night sleep

Void just before bed

Relax before bed with bath or reading

Limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine from the later afternoon on

Have a light snack, not a big meal before bed

Avoid strenuous exercise just before bed

If have pain take analgesic 20-30 minutes prior to bed
If necessary, medication ( herbal or prescription)

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57
Q

rout of exposure for

sarin

tabun

soman

V agent

A

sarin: Respiratory, Skin
tabun: Contact and vapour hazard
soman: Skin, min vapour hazard

v agent:Skin, no vapour hazard unless aerosolized

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58
Q

4 Moments for Hand Hygiene

A

before initial patient/patient environment contact

before an aseptic procedure

after body fluid exposure risk

after patient contact/ patient environment contact

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59
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial lung infection

Airborne

Gloves, goggles, masks & gowns, testing

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60
Q

Cover/Concealment

A

over is something that could potentially stop a bullet or an edged weapon from hurting you i.e., Brick wall, engine block of a car. Concealment is something that you can hide behind i.e., Bush’s, an overturned table. Taking cover is finding a position that both hides and protects your body from projectiles.

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61
Q

Moment of inertia

A

property of an object to resist changes in angular motion

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62
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

Due to obstruction of upper airway
Causes related to age, obesity, gender, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, family history
Treatment is CPAP machine while sleeping

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63
Q

2 basic Subunits of Law

A

Substantive Law

Procedural law

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64
Q

Critical incident

A

any incident that overwhelms ability of someone to cope with the experience

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65
Q

Sharps Waste

A

yellow

biohazard symbol and cytotoxic symbol when necessary

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66
Q

what is social wellbeing

A 
not afraid to trust and we treat others with respect and consideration 
companionship 
a social support system 
emotional support 
encouragement 
guidance
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67
Q

Sharps Wastes and disposal

A

consists of any objects that can penetrate the skin or have or are likely to have come in contact with infectious agents

Immediate disposal in a puncture-resistant sharps container that is clearly marked as a biohazard

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68
Q

Biomedical waste is comprised of, but not limited to, the following categories: 

A 
Cytotoxic Chemical Wastes  
Human Anatomical Wastes  
Human Blood and Body Fluids Wastes  
Microbiology Laboratory Wastes  
Sharps Wastes
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69
Q

Received Social Support

A

“actual receipt of support or helping behaviours from others”
Helps relieve stress
May not be considered helpful if it’s unwanted

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70
Q

neurotoxins signs and symptoms of inhalation exposure

A 
Fever 
Chill 
Nausea 
Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat 
Profuse sweating 
Headache 
Muscle aches 
Nonproductive cough 
Chest pain 
Dyspnea 
Pulmonary edema 
Severe lung inflammation 
Cyanosis 
Convulsions 
Respiratory failure
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71
Q

false imprisonment

A

a person is intentionally and unjustifiably detained against their will

If paramedic transports a patient without the patient’s consent or uses restraints in a wrongful manner

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72
Q

factors that affect sleep

A

sleeping disorders, depression, illness, pain, medication, and hormonal changes

elderly woman are most afffected

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73
Q

Environment hazards

A

Weather: snow or ice covered surfaces, rain, or storms
Terrain issues: mud, rocks, etc.
Illumination difficulties: nighttime, power outages
Difficulty accessing scene
Unstable structures, surfaces, or environments – may be buildings, vehicles, work sites, etc.

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74
Q

When to change social support network

A

Not enough support

Change in lifestyle

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75
Q

Basic Extrication Principles

A

Assessment process for transferring, lifting and repositioning of patients

Preparation Process for transferring, lifting or repositioning a patient

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76
Q

Factors that may allow violence

A 
Disrespect 
Med changes 
Gang activity 
Involuntary transport 
Hunger 
Loss of employment 
Lack of privacy 
Police presence 
Drug or alcohol abuse 
Medical causes
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77
Q

v agent (vx)

A

Clear oily agent that has no odour and looks like baby oil. VX is 100 times more lethal than Sarin and is extremely persistent. In the right conditions, VX can remain unchanged for weeks to months.

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78
Q

Hepatitis E

A

50% of hepititas cases in developing countries

Fecal- oral route

gloves

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79
Q

mindfulness: attention

curiosity

A

Attention: take time to focus on physical sensations, thoughts, environment around us

Curiosity: we notice things that come to our attention without judging; interested in the experience without trying to change

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80
Q

Innovation 

A

Be creative to manage different situations

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81
Q

Describe Situations where Emergency Evacuation May be Required

A

done without the aid of an assistive device either due to the urgency of the situation or to reduce or prevent further injury

Fire or danger of fire.

The danger of explosion or the presence of hazardous materials.

Unsecured accident scene.

The patient’s position prevents you from giving lifesaving care

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82
Q

High Risk PPE- Trained Observer Donning Sequence

A 
Hand hygiene 
Shoe/boot covers 
Hand hygiene 
Nitrile gloves 
Surgical gown 
Full face shield 
Extended cuff nitrile gloves 
Inspection
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83
Q

Components of Social Support

A

Perceived social support

Received Social Support

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84
Q

Disadvantages of Chlorine Based Disinfectants

A

Corrosive to metals and degrades plastics and rubber

Must be diluted fresh daily

Unpleasant odor and irritating to skin and eyes
Inactivated by organic matter

Only sporadical at high concentrations

Spoils clothes if accidentally spilled

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85
Q

Vesicants (Blister Agents) respiratory sign and symptoms

A

Hoarseness or stridor
Severe cough
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
Severe Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

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86
Q

Symptoms of burnout include:

A 
Chronic fatigue 
Irritability 
Negative attitudes 
Lack of desire to work 
Changes in sleep patterns 
Emotional instability 
Feeling of hopelessness 
Loss of interest in hobbies 
Constant aches and pains 
Anxious 
Panicky 
Demanding
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87
Q

Angular kinetics

A

the forces which produce changes in angular motion

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88
Q

court of first instance

A

Regardless of the type of case being brought forward, it will always be heard in a Court Of First Instance, hence the name

A ruling will be made by the judge in question which shall be the final verdict in the case given a preponderance of the evidence

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89
Q

chronic stress

A

Grinding stress that wears people away
Comes when a person never sees a way out of a miserable situation
Gives up searching for solutions
People get used to it
Kills through suicide, violence, heart attack, stroke and perhaps even cancer

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90
Q

Lyme disease

A

Bacterium spread by tick bites
Affects skin, heart, joints and nervous system

Not transmitted from person to person

Long sleeve shirt and pants in tick infested areas
Insecticides
Inspection of exposed skin

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91
Q

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents) signs and symptoms

A 
Shortness of Breath (SOB) 
Chest tightness 
Hoarseness 
Stridor 
Gasping 
Coughing 
Nausea
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92
Q

Distress stress

A

negative stress

Detrimental effect on health
Causes anxiety, concern, decreased performance and can lead to mental and physical problems

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93
Q

negative impacts of shift work on health

A

Family and friend relationships – missed special events or holidays, responsibilities shifted to a spouse that does not work shift work which can cause relationship strain
Anxiety and depression
Increase in gastrointestinal disorders – may be due to eating habits while at work
Reduced quality and quantity of sleep
Constant fatigue
Increased risk for cardiovascular disorders such as angina, hypertension and heart attack
Disruption of circadian rhythm

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94
Q

hot zone
warm zone
cold zone

A

Hot Zone – Where the contaminate is
Warm Zone – Where decontamination occurs
Cold Zone – Clean area where treatment can occur

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95
Q

sleep apnea

A

When anindividual stops breathing for 10 secs or more while sleeping

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96
Q

2 forms of stress

A

eustress and distress

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97
Q

Portals of exit

A

ways in which infectious agent leaves the reservoir

Blood
Secretions
Excretions
Skin

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98
Q

4 dimensions of mental health

A

Thoughts
Body reactions
Behaviors
emotions

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99
Q

Bubonic/Pneumonic Plague

A

from rodents and fleas

infects the lymphatic system
-patient’s lymph nodes become infected and grow

can spread through the body leading to sepsis and death

 not contagious

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100
Q

Section 34 of the Canadian Criminal Code 

Factors 

A

the court will review the incident in its entirety and see if the actions you took to remove yourself from the incident were reasonable in nature.

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101
Q

treatment for chronic stress

A

may include extended medical and behavioural treatment

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102
Q

Donning Sequence - Low Risk

A 
Hand hygiene 
Surgical gown 
Mask 
Full face shield 
Nitrile gloves
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103
Q

Advantages of Chlorine Based Disinfectants

A

Economical and readily available
Rapid antibacterial action
Kills tubercle bacilli and viruses
Effective in diluted solutions

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104
Q

The factors that will affect your decision of how and when the patient will be moved, as well as which device, if any to be used are:

A

The patient’s medical condition

The treatment being given

The need for urgency.

The environmental situation.

Ambient temperature.

Risk of fire, explosion, violence, etc.

Device accessibility

The number of trained partners available.

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105
Q

The Principles of Crisis Intervention are:

A 
Simplicity
Brevity
Innovation
Pragmatism
Proximity
Immediacy
Expectancy
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106
Q

changes in your thoughts due to stress

A

Struggling to concentrate, remember or make decisions

Losing your self-confidence

Having a negative attitude towards yourself and your life

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107
Q

results of ricin

A

causes pulmonary edema, respiratory and circulatory failure leading to death

symptoms don’t show for 4-8hrs

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108
Q

social inequality

A

society’s resources unequally distributed

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109
Q

CBRNE incident indicators:

A

Group of individuals displaying unusual behavior, sign, and symptoms or unexplained illness
Fogs or clouds and an unusual odour
Devices or packages that have been abandoned
Unexplained pools of fluid
Dead animals
An explosion

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110
Q

Influenza

A

Viral

Direct & Indirect contact with droplets on surfaces and washing hands

Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

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111
Q

Sleep problems

A 
Trouble falling asleep 
Trouble staying asleep 
Early morning waking 
Behaviors that interfere with sleep 
Sleeping too much or for too long 
Excessive sleepiness 
Excessive fatigue
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112
Q

triage RPM

respiration

A

Reposition head to clear airway

If respirations don’t return, mark as black tag

If patient begins breathing after reposition mark as red immeddiate

Respirations over 30 mark as red immediate

If respirations are below 30 proceed to profusion assessment

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113
Q

Level B PPE

A

Chemical resistant suit with its own air supply (SCBA) but does not have as high vapour protection as Level A

Can be encapsulating or non-fully with only a hood

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114
Q

forming stage of team development

A

period of orientation and getting acquainted with one another

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115
Q

Mindfulness

A

is simple act of recognizing what’s going on inside of ourselves and what’s going on around us

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116
Q

define wellness

A

an individual’s physical, mental, spiritual, social and cultural well-being

Wellness also means improving quality of life.

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117
Q

Infectious agents

A

microorganisms capable of causing disease or illness

Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Prions

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118
Q

define social support

A

Physical and emotional support given to you by your family, friends, coworkers and others

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119
Q

Slander

A

verbally making a false statement that injures a person’s good name

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120
Q

Disinfecting

A

rapidly kills or inactivates most infectious diseases

should not be used as a general cleaning agent

eliminates virtually all recognized pathogens but not necessarily all microbial forms

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121
Q

libel

A

making a false statement in the written form that injures a person’s good name

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122
Q

ten ways to defuse incidents with abusive patients:

A

Respect All Individuals’ Personal Space

Be Aware of Your Own Body Position

Be Empathic to Others’ Feelings

Keep Nonverbal Cues Nonthreatening

Ignore Challenging Questions

Set and Enforce Reasonable Limits

Permit Verbal Venting When Possible

Identify Real Reason for the Behaviour

Stay Composed, Avoid Overreacting

Use Physical Techniques Only as a Last Resort

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123
Q

Radiological Attack:

A

can only be detected with specialized detection devices

Only high levels will cause immediate effects

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124
Q

Alcohols as Disinfectants

A

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) are the only two alcohols useful as disinfectants

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125
Q

Preparation Process for transferring, lifting or repositioning a patient

A

Assess the need for assistance:

Ensure the patient is transferred the shortest possible distance: 

Eliminate or manage environmental risks:

Prepare the equipment:

Eliminate or manage personal risks:

Eliminate or manage patient risks:

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126
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Destroys the immune system

Bloodborne & located in some bodily fluids

Gloves, goggles, post-exposure prophylaxis

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127
Q

Human Anatomical Waste container

A

red

Biohazard Symbol

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128
Q

Patient awareness

A

always remember patient has ability to harm you either physically or with weapon

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129
Q

General Waste

A

Items that have had contact with blood, exudates, or secretions but are not saturated or dripping with blood do not require segregation, labeling, or special transport and disposal procedures

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130
Q

Why CBRNE Agents

Often chosen for acts of terror

A

CBRNE agents are often cheap to construct

The materials are readily available

Little weaponry knowledge is required to construct due to the widespread information on the internet

The effects of the incidents reach further than a traditional shooting or bombing. It may only kill or injury few, but it creates terror in thousands

They are difficult to detect with traditional screening methods

There is a time lag between activation and release allowing the perpetrator time to escape

Can be used as an indicator of an impending attack

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131
Q

factors that contribute to physical health

A 
adequate nutrition following Canada’s Food Guide 
regular exercise 
smoke-free environments 
limiting alcohol consumption 
adequate sleep 
safety regarding injury, falls, and poisoning 
infection control measures 
seeking medical help when required
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132
Q

Adult gangs in Saskatchewan include the following:

A 
Native Syndicate 
Indian Posse 
Red Alert 
Saskatoon Warriors 
Crazy Cree 
Mixed Blood 
Tribal Brothers 
Westside Soldiers 
Hells Angels 
Fallen Saints
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133
Q

YELLOW

A

serious but non-life threatening injuries

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134
Q

Sarin (GB)

A

g agent

 Highly volatile and lethal colorless and odorless liquid which turns to a gas seconds after exposure to room temp.

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135
Q

Sask Occupational Health and Safety Regulations

Employer must ensures that the waste:

A

is segregated at the place where the waste is located or produced;
is contained in a secure, clearly labeled package or container that holds the contents safely until it is cleaned, decontaminated or disposed of; and
is cleaned, decontaminated or disposed of in a manner that will not endanger the health or safety of any worker.

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136
Q

Proximity

A

The most effective contacts should be placed closer to operational zones

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137
Q

Communicable period

A

period where a person can transmit illness to someone else

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138
Q

define crisis

A

“an acute emotional reaction to a powerful stimulus or demand”

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139
Q

Containment and Labeling

A

container must be appropriate
available through Materials Management
all container must display biohazard symbol and words ‘Biohazard’

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140
Q

Medical and Threat Assessments AOI principle

A

Ability: does this person have physical strength or strength in numbers to hurt me or immediate access to weapon?
Believe so until proven
otherwise

Opportunity: are you viewed as prey? Violence will not happen if attacker considers their opportunity questionable
Have strong presence visually, vocally and strategically

Intent: does violent attack make sense to them? Mental state? If you are viewed as difficult attack it wont happen

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141
Q

battery

A

when the defendant (the paramedic) touches another person (the patient) in a harmful or offensive way without consent

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142
Q

rabies

A

Highly neurotropic virus
Once symptoms begin 7-14 days till death

Bite of infected animal

Vaccine

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143
Q

Droplet Precautions

A

Droplet precautions will be implemented when droplets larger than 5 µm are present

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144
Q

Hypothalamus in relation to circadian rhythm

A

Hypothalamus receives signal to release melatonin

Can influence eating habits, digestion and body temp

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145
Q

How to improve social support network

A

Don’t be afraid to take social risks

Get more from the support you have

Reach out

Be a joiner

Be patient

Avoid negative relationships

Take care of your relationships

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146
Q

6 recommendations for reducing risk in EMS

A

Protect workers and promote safety, health, and well-being through workplace policies, programs, and activities.

Promote safe patient-handling techniques.

Protect workers from exposures to blood and other potentially infectious body fluids.

Prevent slips, trips, and falls. 

Improve motor vehicle safety. 

Prevent violence by patients. 

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147
Q

interview stance

A 
Arms length away 
Body at 45 degree angle to person 
Feet shoulder width apart 
Knees slightly bent 
Palms facing forwards
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148
Q

Cleaning

A

removes foreign material from a surface

physically removes the microorganism rather than kill it

key to proper cleaning is to use friction and detergent

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149
Q

Vesicants (Blister Agents)

A

Skin is primary route of exposure

Vapour can be produced when vesicant is left on skin/clothes long enough
-Vapour can enter through respiratory tract

Vesicant creates burn like blisters

Agents consist of Sulfur, Mustard, Lewisite and Phosgene Oxime

Usually cause most damage in damp moist areas ex armpits, groin, and respiratory tract

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150
Q

Constitutional right to take legal action against doctor, nurse, paramedic or other but must prove what

A

Person suing must prove that the medical providers caused harm by failing to meet accepted standards of care

Has to prove all the elements of negligence

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151
Q

pneumatic dissemination device

A

Uses high pressure to disseminate the CBRNE agent

Consists of an agent in one reservoir and a pressurized gas in another

152
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

artificially made by altering (splitting) radioactive atoms

Nuclear material gives of all forms of radiation including neutrons, which is the most deadly type of radiation

153
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Governs internal clock

Controlled by hypothalamus

154
Q

Substantive Law

A

contains all of the rules and regulations pertaining to each individual in society

155
Q

3 main characteristics of crisis

A
  1. Disturbance of balance between thinking and emotion
  2. Usual coping mechanisms fail
  3. Shows evidence of distress, impairment or dysfunction
156
Q

Survival Mentality

A

DO NOT GIVE UP. You will survive and go home at the end of your shift

157
Q

Pneumonia

A

Viral/bacterial infection of lungs: Risk of contraction increases with other pulmonary disorders, including smoking

Airborne: inhalation of droplets

Gloves, goggles, mask on the patient, antibiotics if bacterial

158
Q

Pre attack indicators of CBRNE incident:

A

Ideology advocating the use of violence
Attempts to acquire individuals with scientific or engineering knowledge
Individuals seeking treatment for unusual symptoms
Groups or individuals acquiring specialized equipment, PPE or chemicals

159
Q

Civil law: vs common law

A

civil: has its roots in roman law
common: roots in England

160
Q

Sharps Wastes and disposal Handling/Packaging

A

puncture-resistant containers

Containers should be yellow and bear the biohazard or cytotoxic symbol

must have a fill line

Safety devices on needles must be activated before disposal

161
Q

Trained Observer PPE – High-Risk EVD Doffing Sequence:

A 
Remove outer gloves 
Disinfect inner gloves 
Remove surgical gown 
Remove shoe/boot covers 
Remove inner gloves 
Hand hygiene 
Don new gloves 
Remove full face shield 
Remove gloves 
Hand hygiene
162
Q

Hans Selye:

A

Father of stress theory

163
Q

what are the following stopped by

Alpha rays
Beta rays
Gamma ray
Neutron

A

Alpha rays: stopped by paper or skin

Beta rays: clothing stops it

Gamma rays: several centimetres of lead or concrete to stop it

Neutron: require concrete to stop it

164
Q

what does physical activity help to do

A

Reduces stress
Helps you sleep better
Reduces risk of cardiovascular problems

165
Q

Criminal law

A

the province or federal government will prosecute for breaking a legal statute
Ex: Medication misuse

166
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

Many variations of transmission:
A - Fecal matter – no permanent liver damage…immune for life
B  - Blood and secretions – may lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer
C - Bloodborne – may lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer

Vaccination A&B, gloves, goggles, and thorough cleaning

167
Q

approaching a van

A

Take special precautions because it could be carrying a lot of people or a lot of weapons

Move 3-5 meters away from passenger side of van remain clear of side door

Walk parallel to the van until to are approx. 45 degrees forward of the passenger side door/windshield

168
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

energy required at rest

Least energy that needs to perform necessary body functions

169
Q

Portals of Entry

A

ways in which the infectious agent enters the susceptible host

Mucous Membrane
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Broken skin

170
Q

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)

A

A specific, 7 step group crisis intervention tool designed to assist a group of people after an exposure to the same critical incident or event. CISD is not a standalone process and it should never be provided outside of an integrated package of interventions within the CISM program. Under no circumstances should CISD be considered psychotherapy or a substitute for psychotherapy.

171
Q

What is CBRNE

A

Chemical, biological radiological, nuclear and explosive incident

172
Q

Microbiology Laboratory Wastes disposal

A

Dispose of microbiology laboratory wastes in yellow containers with biohazard symbol - rigid containers with fixed lids

173
Q

Critical Incident Stress Debriefings

A

typically held 24-72 hrs following the event

174
Q

Formal Product Identification can be accomplished with the following methods:

A

Examining the shipping papers
Examining the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Examining the Placards

175
Q

treatment of nerve agent

A

Fatalities from severe exposure occur as a result of respiratory complications, which lead to respiratory distress, respiratory failure and finally to respiratory arrest

increase the patient’s chance of survival by providing airway and ventilator support

Often patients exposed to these agents will begin seizing and will not stop
-these patients require nerve antidote administration

Atropine is used to block the nerve agent’s overstimulation of the body
-many doses will be required to see the results

176
Q

Dissemination

A

Is the means by which a terrorist will spread the agent

177
Q

Eustress stress

A

positive stress

Beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance and emotional wellbeing

178
Q

what is it like to be emotional healthy

A

When we are emotionally healthy we have a strong sense of:
self-esteem
self-control
self-awareness
not worried about feeling rejected
feel good about who we are
everyones emotional health will be different

179
Q

Contact Precautions

A

Contact precautions are implemented when there is a risk of direct patient contact or environmental contact; when colonization or infection with multi-drug-resistant organisms

180
Q

Standard decontamination processes are:

A

Unless the substance is identified, decontamination should begin by:

Brushing off the powder

Flushing the skin with copious amounts of water

Never attempt to neutralize an acid or base Doing so can produce great heat and cause further burns

Flush the area copiously with water

Transport

181
Q

Vehicle Positioning

A

Attempt to position vehicle min. of 6 meters behind stopped vehicle at a 10-degree angle to driver side facing the shoulder

Turn front wheels all the way to the left

Don’t walk between spotlight and vehicle

Record license plate number and make and model of vehicle before you get out and alert dispatch

182
Q

how has technology affected peoples health

A

Advanced health system

Industrialized countries endangering health by overeating, pollution and overuse of resources

183
Q

do cultural standards stay the same or change

A

change over time

184
Q

mechanical action dissemination device

A

Use no external source for dissemination
Contain a solid, liquid or gas product
Maybe left alone to disseminate or thrown into the path of the victim
Most effective in areas with air exchange or warmer temperatures

185
Q

HazMat Scene Management

A

Establish ‘Safety Zones’
Notify dispatch immediately
Identify and report wind direction and terrain features        
Approach upwind and uphill
Always follow the ‘Rule of thumb’
Isolate the incident as much as possible and restrict access to those that should not enter
Call for additional resources (Hazmat team, fire department, police, additional crews)

186
Q

Human Blood and Body Fluids Wastes

A

yellow

Biohazard Symbol

187
Q

Soman (GD)

A

g agent

twice a persistent as Sarin and five times as lethal. It has a fruity odour and as a result of the type of alcohol used in the agent and it generally has no colour.

188
Q

N95 Respirators

A

provide filtration efficiency rating of 95% for particles 0.3 microns in size

protective for biological pathogens such as SARS, TB measles and chickenpox

not designed for paticles containing oil or areas with vapours, gases or low oxygen concentration

189
Q

Most common symptoms of acute stress

A

Emotional distress: combination of anger or irritability, anxiety and depression

Muscular problems: headache, back pain, muscular tension leading to tendon and ligament problems

Stomach, gut and bowel problems: heart burn, acid stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation and irritable bowel syndrome

Transient overarousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraines, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, chest pain

190
Q

deefine spirituality

A

the way an individual finds peace, hope and meaning in life

191
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus

A

Leading cause of lower respiratory tract innfections in infants older and immunodeficient ppl
Sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, cough fever

Direct contact with droplets or indirect contact with contaminated hands

Gloves
Handwashing
Clean vehicle
Postexposure treatment: supportive care

192
Q

How to know if you’ve found balance

A
  1. When I’ve taken care of everything I have to do; do I have the time and energy to enjoy the things I want to do?
  2. Can I get absorbed in something without worrying about another task or feeling guilty because I’m not doing something else?
193
Q

Advantages of Alcohol

A

economical

very little irritation to human tissue

ability to kill bacteria, lipid viruses and tubercle bacilli

194
Q

Ricin

A

neurotoxin is derived from mash that is leftover from the castor bean

195
Q

3 primary ways to help manage stress

A

Decrease the stress causing situation
Increases the individual’s resistance to stress
Reduce the response to stress

196
Q

RED

A

life-threatening injuries that require immediate attention:

Respiratory rate greater than 30pm;

Absent radial pulse or capillary refill over 2 seconds;

Unable to follow simple commands.

197
Q

nutrients

A

Elements that are supplied by food

Some provide energy others contribute to metabolic processes

198
Q

Examples of Emergency Lifting and Moving Techniques

A

Shirt Drag

Blanket Drag

Shoulder Drag

One Rescuer Crutch

Sheet Drag

199
Q

Immediacy

A

Immediate, rapid intervention is required in a state of crisis

200
Q

Approaching a suspicious vehicle

A

Park 5 meters away with a clear exit.

Before leaving your EMS unit report to dispatch situation info and license plate number.

At night use high beams and spotlights.

201
Q

Pneumonic Plague

A

a lung infection that results from the inhalation of plague bacteria

contagious and has a much higher death rate than the bubonic form

would be easier to disseminate

202
Q

Hepatitis G

A

Bo infection with HCV or HIV

Infected blood or blood products

gloves

203
Q

Airborne Precautions

A

Airborne precautions will be implemented when droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns

204
Q

Vesicants (Blister Agents)

treatment

A

Decontaminate patient

A, B, C’s not done until after decontamination

Prompt airway support but not done until after decontamination

Initiate transport as soon as possible

IV access

Early notification

205
Q

Biological attack Signs to watch out for:

A

Group of people with flu or food poisoning-like symptoms
Unscheduled spraying in an area
Abandoned spraying devices

206
Q

4 categories of dissemination devices

A

mechanical action
Chemical reaction
Pneumatic
Explosive

207
Q

Assault

A

when a person (the paramedic) instills fear of immediate bodily harm or breach of bodily security to another (the patient) whether or not the threat of harm is actually carried out

208
Q

gonorrhea

A

Common 15-24 yr olds

Sexual through pus containing fluid from mucous memebranes

Glove use

209
Q

what is intellectual wellbeing

A

keeping the mind healthy and active by being curious and aware of what is happening
eager to learn and wanting to obtain knowledge through any avenue available

210
Q

storming stage of team development

A

showcases individual personalities in greater detail

may be conflict, disagreement regarding leadership roles and differences about team participation during this stage

211
Q

stress:

A

the demands of a situation are too much to handle

212
Q

To make 10% (5000 ppm) bleach, you can use:

A

1.0 mL bleach plus 9.0 mL water gives 10 mL

10 mL bleach plus 90 mL water gives 100 mL

213
Q

what is spiritual wellbeing

A

For some, it is a belief in a higher power or belonging to religious affiliation
For others, to become spiritually healthy means having a purpose or meaning in life

214
Q

what 3 basic things do civil and common law provide

A
  1. Ensure each person in society is treated equally, fairly and consistently
  2. That the results of a particular case ca be reasonably predicted
  3. That all cases will be ruled upon based on decisions that were previously handed down by other magistrates and appellate courts
215
Q

Section 34 of the Canadian Criminal Code 

“Defence—use or threat of force 

A

if you believe on reasonable grounds that you are being threatened or assaulted you can match force with force to safely remove yourself from the incident.

216
Q

Perceived social support

A

When you know you have friends and family to support you after an event

217
Q

ways to cope with stress

A 
Focus on what you can do 
Manage your emotions 
Seek out support 
Focus on helpful realistic thoughts 
Make a plan of action 
Self-care 
Take care of your relationships 
Spirituality 
Acceptance 
Distraction
218
Q

performing stage of team development

A

team works together seamlessly to provide exemplary patient care

219
Q

A crime scene is defined as:

A

A location where any part of a criminal act occurred or is suspected of having occurred, and

A location where evidence relating to a real or potential crime may be found.

220
Q

Culture defines health as

A

subject to culture and society’s valued

221
Q

Human Anatomical Waste

  • storage
  • method for disposal
A

should be stored in sealed rigid containers, color-coded red

primary method for disposal is incineration.

222
Q

Characteristics of unstable behaviour

A 
Confused or altered mental status 
Alcohol or drug dependence 
Anger 
Frustration 
Psychological and personality disorders 
History of violent activity 
Financial instability 
Poor empathy or insight  
Unemployment
223
Q

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

A

consists of a group of diseases that include Ebola, Yellow fever, and Rift Valley viruses

causes blood in the body to seep out from the tissues and blood vessels

flu-like symptoms progressing to more serious symptoms such as internal and external hemorrhage

224
Q

Critical Incident Stress Management

A

A comprehensive, integrated, systematic and multi–tactic crisis intervention approach to manage critical incident stress after traumatic events. CISM is a coordinated program of tactics that are linked and blended together to alleviate the reactions to traumatic experiences.

225
Q

defamation

A

intentionally making a false statement through written or verbal communication that injures a person’s good name or reputation

226
Q

Factors that Can Contribute to Stress

A 
Examples of personal stress are: 
Loss of a loved one 
A personal injury or illness 
Financial issues 
A major life event such as the birth of a child, marriage, divorce, moving 
Examples of work-related stress are: 
Loss of a job/start of a job 
Change in responsibilities 
Work-life balance challenges 
Working conditions
227
Q

Thinking traps

A 
Overgeneralizing 
Black and white thinking 
Labelling 
Mind reading 
Fortune telling 
Mental filter 
Emotional reasoning 
Discounting the positives 
Should statements
228
Q

neurotoxins signs and symptoms of ingestion

A 
Fever 
Chills 
Headache 
Muscle aches 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Diarrhea 
Severe abdominal cramps 
Dehydration 
GI bleeding 
Necrosis of the liver, spleen, kidneys, GI tract
229
Q

Assessment process for transferring, lifting and repositioning of patients

A

Patient assessment and preparation:

Assess the ability of the patient to understand and co-operate by determining the patient’s:

Environmental assessment:

Task assessment:

Paramedic self-assessment:

230
Q

Section 34 of the Canadian Criminal Code 

No defence 

A

if you are being threatened or physically assaulted did you act in a reasonable manner to remove yourself safely from the situation?

231
Q

Cytotoxic Chemical Wastes and examples

A

Wastes containing drugs that inhibit or prevent the functions of cells and are manufactured, sold or represented for use in treating neoplastic or other conditions

Intravenous needles
Tubing
Syringes used to inject cytotoxic drugs
Personal protective equipment that is used when handling cytotoxic drugs

232
Q

Explain the Concept of Critical Incident Stress Management (CCISM)

A

program to alleviate reactions to traumatic experiences

Focused interventions specifically to manage the traumatic stress associated with exposures to critical incidents

233
Q

appellate court

A

the Appellate Court will not hear the evidence of the case

The Appellate Court will only hear evidence regarding any procedural irregularities

234
Q

2 ways to identify materials

A

informally and formally

235
Q

changes in your feelings due to stress

A

Feeling worried or confused
Feeling angry or irritable
Feeling overwhelmed or helpless
Feeling like you can’t cope

236
Q

Desirable properties for disinfectants include:

A

Broad Spectrum

Rapid Action

Resistance to Inactivation by Other Material

Nontoxic

Odorless

Non-destructive

Residual Action

User-Friendly 

Economical cost

237
Q

how does Hans Selye define stress

A

He defines stress as “nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it”

238
Q

Storage

A

totally enclosed and separate from supply rooms or food
locked and restriced to authorized personnel only
identified as containing biomedical waste with biohazard symbol
never used for materials other than waste
temp of 4 degrees celcius
lower for material stored for more than 4 days
thoroughly cleaned

239
Q

When dispatched to a scene involving hazardous materials, decisions must be made regarding early regarding:

A

Rescuer safety

Type and degree of the potential hazard

Involvement of other agencies. 

Pre-planning and early coordination is imperative

Advise medical direction early
 

240
Q

Metabolic Agents (blood agents) (Cyanides)

A

Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen chloride (CK) are both agents that affect the body’s ability to use oxygen

Metabolic agents can kill within seconds to minutes

often associated with fires at textile or plastic factories.

241
Q

carbohydrates

A

Main source of energy

Obtain through plants

Can be classified as simple (sugars) or complex (starch, glycogen)

Ranked according to glycemic index (GI); the higher the index the greater the release of sugar into bloodstream

242
Q

Handling, Packing and Transportation

A

according to provincial and legislative requirements

non-compliance could result in increased liability (conviction/fines)

243
Q

Hantavirus

A

Virus found in urine, saliva, and poo of infected deer mice
flu-like symptoms that can quickly lead to respiratory failure

Airborne: Inhalation of droplets and dust of feces or contaminated material

N95 mask in contaminated area, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

244
Q

civil suit

A

an action instituted by a person or corporation (plaintiff) against another person or corporation is usually some sort of compensation for injury plaintiff sustained

245
Q

Criminal prosecution or provincial statue prosecution

A

an action taken by the government against a person the prosecutors feel has violated laws

246
Q

Civil laws

A

patient can sue you for perceived injury, and criminal law

Ex: malpractice suites

247
Q

GREEN

A

ambulatory and/or have minor injuries (walking wounded)

248
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges – can be either bacterial or viral (bacterial contagious)

Airborne: Direct contact with upper respiratory tract infections

Vaccination (bacterial), gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

249
Q

Benefits of problem solving

A

Better functioning at work or school
More satisfying relationships with friends, family and co workers
Higher self esteem
Higher life satisfaction

250
Q

Radiological/Nuclear Agents

A

Once radiological material has been used for its purpose, the material remaining is called radioactive waste

251
Q

odours of agents

A

sarin none

tabun fruity

soman fruity

V agent none

252
Q

Cytotoxic Chemical Wastes

  • storage
  • method for disposal
A

stored within sealed rigid containers, color-coded red and bear a cytotoxic symbol and marked in accordance with WHMIS and TDG requirements

primary method for disposal is incineration

253
Q

SMART principle helps set goals

A 
S pecific 
M easurable 
A ttainable 
Realistic  
T ime limited
254
Q

private law can be subdivided

A

Subdivided into civil law and common law

255
Q

explosive dissemination device

A

Uses high or low explosives

The goal is that the explosion releases the agent without destroying it

256
Q

Smallpox

A

Highly contagious

is a vaccine to prevent smallpox, and this vaccine is part of a national strategy to respond to a terrorist threat

257
Q

Dispose of biomedical waste as follows:

A

Vials - To be deposited in an approved sharps container.

Solid - Collect waste in a yellow biohazard bag, such as shown above.

Fluids - Use a rigid leak-proof yellow container, such as shown above.

Saturated Items - Collect waste in a yellow biohazard bag (same as solid waste)

258
Q

Tactical Repositioning

A

 What is your exit? Can you make it there in time? What, if any, are your obstructions?

259
Q

anthrax

A

deadly bacteria that lay dormant in a spore (protective shell)

routes of entry for anthrax are inhalation, cutaneous or gastrointestinal
-inhalation form is the most deadly and often presents as a severe cold

Pulmonary anthrax is associated with a 90% death rate if untreated

Antibiotics can be used to treat anthrax

260
Q

describe Episodic acute stress

A

suffer from acute stress frequently

common for ppl with it to be over aroused, short tempered, irritable, anxious and tense

workplace is very stressful for them

they describe it as “nervous energy”

Type A personality: excessive competitive drive, aggressiveness, I patient and sense of time urgency

Ceaseless worriers and awfulizers tend to be over aroused and tense but are more anxious and depressed than angry and hostile

261
Q

To make 1% (500 ppm) bleach, you can use:

A

1.0 mL bleach plus 99.0 mL water gives 100 mL
10 mL of bleach placed in a 1000 mL (one litre) container with water added up to the 1000 mL mark
1 coffee cup of bleach plus 99 coffee cups of water will give 100 cups of bleach and maybe a clean coffee cup

262
Q

Self-awareness

A

being aware of your gestures, posture, stance and hand positioning

263
Q

Judges

A

make rulings that become laws for that jurisdiction

Because of precedent, they effectively become law in all jurisdictions.

264
Q

General Adaption Syndrome:

A

model of stress response

265
Q

water

A

cell function depends on a fluid environment
cannot survive more than a few days
helps regulate body temp and move nutrients around

266
Q

Doffing Sequence - Low-Risk

A 
Disinfect gloves 
Inspect PPE for breaks, rips, or tears in the integrity of the equipment 
Remove gloves 
Remove gown 
Hand hygiene 
Remove face shield 
Remove mask 
Hand hygiene
267
Q

Canisters or similar devices are considered to be a non-biomedical (general) waste when they:

A

contain only a trace amount of blood in diluted form;
are of a closed circuit type and cannot open easily; and
do not contain a fluid that has been classified as being infectious

268
Q

functions of sleep

A

Cerebral blood flow decreases
Decrease I hr, bp, rsp, muscle tone, urine production and hormone release giving organs and muscles rest
Restoration of cells and tissues
Brain tissue and cognitive restoration

269
Q

Cleaning Contaminated Equipment

A

Blood contaminated equipment should be disposed of in a designated biohazard waste container
Areas contaminated with blood must be first cleaned and then disinfected

If the equipment is contaminated with feces, remove large amounts of feces before cleaning and then disinfect

If the equipment is contaminated with urine, remove any large amounts of urine before cleaning and then disinfect

270
Q

Lice & Scabies

A

Small insects in hair or skin

Direct contact with a person or infected clothing, furniture, etc.

Gloves

271
Q

Disadvantages of alcohol

A

antimicrobial action diminishes with heavy microbial load and organic material

does not kill spores and non-lipid viruses

rapid evaporation

272
Q

Mumps

A

Viral – parotid salivary glands swell

Airborne: inhalation of droplets and direct contact

Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

273
Q

a solution of strong bleach 1/10, containing 5,000 ppm, for

A

disinfecting areas with obvious blood spills.

274
Q

Isolation Precautions

A

Isolation precautions refer to the use of standard precautions with the addition of three transmission categories: airborne, droplet, and contact precautions based on a patient’s specific diagnosed condition

275
Q

Disposal

A

Biomed Recovery

Materials Management

276
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

A

Irritating cough in 1-2 weeks and can last 1-2 months

Direct contact or airborne droplets

Surgical mask on pt
Posteposure care: antibiotics
vaccination

277
Q

what is Physical Health

A 
Anything to do with our bodies 
Achieved when bodies: 
Free from disease 
Good physical condition 
Strong
278
Q

West Nile Virus

A

Flu-like symptoms

Vector transmission through mosquito bites from infected insects

Off bug spray

279
Q

Informal Product Identification  can be accomplished by the following methods:

A

Visual inspection before entering the scene (Rule of Thumb)

Verbal reports by bystanders or other responsible persons

Incident Location

Visual indicators

Container characteristics

Sign/symptoms of victims exposure

280
Q

Human Blood and Body Fluid Waste

A

Items saturated with blood and/or body fluids are considered biomedical waste

281
Q

Simplicity

A

People respond to simple and straightforward, not complex, in a crisis

282
Q

A healthy relationship is one that contains:

A 
Mutual trust and respect 
Understanding for each other 
Acceptance 
Ability to openly communicate without repercussion 
Shared interests
283
Q

Types of High-Risk Fluids

A 
Blood 
Semen 
Vaginal secretions and amniotic fluid 
Other body fluids—heart, lung, joints, abdomen, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) 
Saliva (risk only for Hepatitis B)
284
Q

Green or Cold

A 
(Safe) zone 
Normal triage occurs here 
Command post will be set up in this zone 
Provides a further buffer 
Contamination gear is shed
285
Q

Disease vector

A

Is an animal that spreads disease, once infected to another animal.

286
Q

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents)

A

Gases that cause immediate harm

Respiratory tract is primary route of exposure

Lung tissue and fluid begin to enter lungs

Pulmonary edema develops

Short of breath due to inability of gas exchange

Agents include Chlorine and Phosgene

287
Q

define health

A

Health is a state of complete physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

288
Q

Susceptible Host

A

individuals may have traits that affect their susceptibility and severity of disease

Immune deficiency 
Diabetes 
Burns 
Surgery 
Age
289
Q

Resting energy expenditure

A

BMR plus additional requirement for ¾ of daily energy requirements

290
Q

norming stage of team development

A

conflicts, disagreements and differences are resolved and the team becomes unified

members come to understand and accept each other

291
Q

a solution of weak bleach 1/100, containing 500 ppm available chlorine, for

A

routine disinfection of counters

292
Q

NATO Suit

A

A two-piece suit that consists of pants and a hooded jacket

Does not repel liquids but rather absorbs them into the suit

Oxygen content in the atmosphere must be normal as contains no air supply

293
Q

Private law

A

consists of those legal issues which concern only the parties involved

Contracts between two parties, torts (which are injury issues), property and trusts

294
Q

team effectiveness

A

innovation/adaption
efficiency
quality
member satisfaction

295
Q

Bacteria

A

do not require a host to multiply and live

more complex and larger than viruses and can grow up to 10 times larger than its largest virus

generally begin with flu-like symptoms which make it difficult to identify whether the cause is a biological attack or a natural epidemic

can be fought with antibiotics

296
Q

Balance

A

we can fully engage in what we need or want to do without that nagging guilt or worry that we should be doing something else

297
Q

Changes in your behaviours due to stress

A

Withdrawing from others
Fidgeting, feeling restless
Smoking, drinking or using more drugs than usual
Avoiding situations that you think are stressful

298
Q

Neurotoxins

A

most deadly substances known to humans

produced from plants, marine animals, molds, and bacteria

 routes of entry for these toxins are ingestion, inhalation, and  injection

not contagious and have a rapid onset of symptoms
immense destructive potential

299
Q

symptoms of Episodic acute stress

A

persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension,

300
Q

Yellow or Warm

A

(Control) zone
PPE
Decontamination occurs here
Care can be performed

301
Q

four common types of chemical agents

A

Vesicants (blister agents)
Pulmonary Agents (choking agents)
Nerve Agents
Metabolic Agents (Cyanides)

302
Q

define social stratification

A

affects peoples beliefs on what heathy is and what it looks like

303
Q

four basic categories of a crime scene: 

A
  1. Scenes involving violence 2. Scenes where a death has occurred
  2. Scenes Involving Injury That Could Involve Litigation (Personal Injury)
  3. Scenes Where Criminal Acts Have Occurred
304
Q

Environmental awareness

A

watch conditions at scene, which other teams are present

approaching patient

305
Q

vitamins

A

organic substances essential to normal metabolism
highest in fresh foods
can be fat soluble (A,D,E,K) or water soluble (B and C

306
Q

situational awareness

A

eed or ability to have high level of attentiveness to the environment in a dynamic situation

307
Q

minerals

A

inorganic substance essential in biochemical reactions

macro minerals (more than 100mg needed daily or trace (less than 100mg needed daily

308
Q

Standard precautions

A

refer to blood, all body fluids, secretions, excretions with the exception of sweat, broken skin, and mucous membranes

309
Q

Some stressors to the role of a paramedic are:

A

Constant unknowns

Unpredictability

Poor or dangerous working conditions

Shift work

Long hours

Confrontation with death

The daily confrontation with people in physical and emotional pain

Ongoing establishment and relinquishing of relationships

Demanding care

Ever changing and evolving scope of practice

Undervaluing of their role by other team members

Support system (e. family/friends) that may not understand job stresses and may not be supportive

Higher self-expectations

310
Q

goals to maintain physical strength

A

Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Balance of strength and endurance

311
Q

high level disinfectant

A

is expected to kill vegetative bacertia, lipid viruses, fungi, non lipid viruses, tubercle bacilli, and bacterial spores

do have ability to kill spores but may take longer to kill all spores

312
Q

chickenpox

A

Can be very serious especially in adults, once scabbed no longer infectious; a viral infection

Airborne: Inhalation of droplets

Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

313
Q

Modes of transmission

A

ways in which the infectious agent is spread from the reservoir to the susceptible host

Physical
Contact
Droplets
Airborne

314
Q

3 options for unsafe scene

A
  1. Secere scene yourself
  2. Barricade yourself and patient in a safe place
  3. Wait for police
315
Q

proteins

A

Needed for tissue growth and repair

Amino acid is simplest form

Essential amino acids (must come from diet) or nonessential amino acids (can be found in body)

Transports nutrients and pharmacological substances in blood

Only source of nitrogen; necessary for tissue repair and growth

316
Q

Intentional tort

A

intent to cause harm

317
Q

Procedural law

A

the rules that lawyers and judges must follow in the conduct of the judicial system.

318
Q

Incubation period

A

period between exposure and first symptoms

319
Q

Anger becomes a problem if its:

A 
Too frequent 
Too intense 
Lasts too long 
Leads to aggression 
Disrupts work or relationships
320
Q

three basic areas that laws come from: 

A

Judges
Politicians
Administrative Law

321
Q

Level C PPE

A

Contains the same hooded garment as Level B but only uses a purifying respirator instead of SCBA

322
Q

Expectancy

A

The provider works to set up and manage reasonable but positive expectations of outcome

323
Q

Level A ppe

A

Fully encapsulating chemical resistant suit with its own air supply (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus-SCBA)

Provides the highest level of protection against liquids, vapours, gases, mists and airborne particulates

Should be used in all unknown CBRNE incidents

324
Q

Youth gangs in Saskatchewan include:

A

Crips
Junior mixed blood
Indian Mafia Crips
North Central Rough Riderz

325
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

most potent neurotoxin which is produced by bacteria

326
Q

Viruses

A

germs that require a living host to multiply and survive
invade healthy cells and replace itself to spread through the host

there is no treatment for a viral infection other than antivirals for some agents

327
Q

clandestine drug laboratories

A

methamphetamine (meth, speed and crank)

look for large quantities of over-the-counter cold remedies containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, gallon containers of fuel, and sulfuric acid in form of lye

some look like typical high school chem labs others are harder to detect

328
Q

Types of social support

A

Emotional support
Practical help
Sharing points of view
Sharing info

329
Q

Lack of sleep can cause:

A

Hypertension
Diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Neurovascular disease

330
Q

chemical reaction dissemination device

A

Requires mixing of 2 or more chemicals to create a reaction

331
Q

fats

A

Most calorie dense nutrient

Aids in cushioning organs

lubricating body tissue

insulates and protects cell membranes

saturated or unsaturated

trans fat can result in diabetes, heart disease, infertility and prostate cancer

332
Q

General Guidelines for Use of stretcher

A

Operate the stretcher at its lowest level in rough terrain.

Operate the stretcher at its highest level in long smooth areas such as hallways as long

333
Q

define wellbeing

A

a dynamic process involving the harmony of physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual well-being. This sense of well-being or wellness enables individuals, families, and communities to function to the best of their ability within their environment.

334
Q

Gangs operate on their own “three R’s”

A

reputation, respect, retaliation

335
Q

1+1 Rule

A

f the subject has one weapon, there’s a very good chance they have another on them.

336
Q

Approaching the Motor Vehicle

A

IC person riding in the passenger seat goes and checks it out

Proceed to rear passenger side of the trunk
-Consider the possibility of people hiding in it

Move belly forward to passenger rear seat

Look in the windows and see persons hands and look for weapons

If there are passengers in the back to not go any further, if there are not proceed to passenger window

Stay near the opening of passenger side door and announce “Paramedic. Do you need help?”

337
Q

Two parts of mindfulness

A

Attention and Curiosity

338
Q

In order for the PCR to be admitted as a business record, two factors must exist

A

First, it must be shown that the PCR is a part of routine

Secondly, it must be established that it is normal practice to write reports at the time or within a reasonable time after an occurrence

339
Q

Rapid Threat Assessment

A

Eye movement

Speech

Posture

Personal ability/presence of a weapon

Motor activity

Gut feeling

340
Q

Substantive law can be subdivided into

A

public and private

341
Q

4 Tactical principles

A

Self-awareness
Situational awareness
Patient awareness
Environmental awareness

342
Q

Time, Distance, and Cover

A

ow close are you to the person to the threat? How fast can they close that gap? Where is your closest cover or concealment if you need to use it?

343
Q

intermediate level disinfectant

A

should kill vegetative bacteria, lipid viruses, fungi and tubercle bacilli

may not have capacity to kill non lipid viruses and bacterial spores

344
Q

Antisepsis

A

chemical disinfection of tissue, usually skin or mucous membrane; antisepsis is a specific kind of disinfection

345
Q

Level D PPE

A

Minimal skin and respiratory protection

Consistent with regular uniform and routine precautions

Can only be used in areas where no known CBRNE hazards

346
Q

central sleep apnea

A

Pathological condition causing loss of inspiratory effort during sleep
Treatment focuses on underlying condition

347
Q

Motor Vehicle Collision Scenes Common safety concerns

A

Unstable vehicles

Moving traffic

Jagged metal and broken
glass, debris

Fire or explosion hazards

Downed power lines

Toxic substances

348
Q

Brevity

A

Intervention should be brief - take only minutes (up to an hour) in most cases

349
Q

Narcolepsy

A

When individual has overwhelming wave of sleepiness and falls asleep during waking hours

Usually in adolescence

Hallucinations, vivid dreams, night terrors, sleepwalking or poor memory and concentration

Diagnosis usually several years after symptoms

No cure or treatment

350
Q

Supreme Court

A

is the final Court of Appeal in this country ‘

will not automatically grant an appeal to anyone for any reason. must be able to prove that the Appellate Court may have made a mistake or that there is evidence that the ruling would produce some constitutional change for the Country

does not usually hear any cases that do not have an impact on the Canadian Constitution

351
Q

Sudden stimulation of sympathetic nervous system cause following:

A 
Increased heart rate 
Widened bronchial passages 
Constrict blood vessels 
Dilated pupils 
Piloerection (goosebumps) 
The rise in Blood Pressure 
Diaphoresis 
Decreased motility of the large intestines 
Increased peristalsis in the esophagus
352
Q

Nerve Agents

A

Most deadly chemicals developed

Designed to kill large amounts of ppl with small quantities

Can cause cardiac arrest within seconds to minutes

Agents are organophosphates
-Found in household bug sprays, pesticides and industrial chemicals

353
Q

Politicians

A

enact legislation which becomes law for that jurisdiction only

done in the form of an Act of Parliament

Acts of Parliament take a significant amount of time and effort to push through the house

354
Q

2 types of sleep apnea

A

obstructive or central obstructive

355
Q

Public law

A

any legal issue in which government or ‘state’ has an interest

Ex Canadas criminal code

356
Q

6 key response tasks in CBRNE incident

A

1) Assessment
2) Personal Protection
3) Control of Situation
4) Casualty Management
5) Communication
6) Call for Additional Resources

357
Q

Stressor

A

label a stimulus that had this effect on the body

358
Q

Chlorine Containing Agents

A

intermediate disinfectants

chlorine combines with water to form hypochlorous acid, a potent oxidizing agent that rapidly kills microorganisms

inactivated by organic material

Bleach should be diluted fresh daily

359
Q

Who are the Targets of CBRNE incidents

A 
Some of most common targets are: 
Government 
Transportation Facilities 
Political Figures 
Military 
Nuclear Facilities 
Religious Locations 
Popular Landmarks
360
Q

6 parts of scene size up

A
  1. Scene safety
  2. BSI (Body substance isolation)
  3. Decide if its NOI/MOI
  4. Determine number of patients
  5. Additional resources
  6. Determine need for c-spine precautions
361
Q

6 stages of Hostage Situation

A

surveillance, capture, transport, holding, move and resolution

362
Q

Criminal code- defence of a person

A

If you can leave safely without risking injury to yourself or another, then you must leave.

If you are being assaulted or an assault is imminent then you can use only the amount of force necessary to stop the assault.

You are not permitted to punish the assailant or seek revenge.

It is important to “injure to a degree” according to the threat level. Match the level of injury to resistance.

363
Q

Critical Incident Stress

A

A state of cognitive, physical, emotional and behavioral arousal that accompanies the crisis reaction. The elevated state of arousal is caused by a critical incident. If not managed and resolved appropriately, either by oneself or with assistance, it may lead to several psychological disorders including Acute Stress Disorder, PTSD, Panic Attacks, and Depression, Alcohol/Drug abuse.

364
Q

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents) treatment

A

Remove the patient from the contaminated atmosphere – Needs to be done by properly trained personnel with the proper PPE

Aggressive airway management paying particular attention to Oxygenation, ventilation and suctioning

Limit patient activity, allow patient to find a position of comfort

IV access

Pharmacotherapy includes treatment for Bronchospasm, Pulmonary Edema
Supplemental O2

365
Q

define sleep

A

Period of decreased physical and mental alertness and gives each person a chance to feel refreshed

366
Q

Administrative Law

A

Regulations are easily changed to reflect the ideas of the day and can be changed by the government of the day without going to the house of parliament

367
Q

3 tiers of courts in the Canadian Legal system

A

Court of first instance
Appellate court
Supreme court

368
Q

triage RPM

profusion/circulation

A

Capillary refill test
-if capillary refill takes longer than 2 seconds mark as red immediate

Radial pulse test
-Can’t feel pulse; elevate leg and mark as red immediate

Extreme external bleeding; get by stander to hold pressure

If capillary refills in 2 seconds or less proceed to mental status assessment

369
Q

triage RPM

mental status

A

Altered mental status mark as red immediate

If can’t respond to simple questions/commands mark as red immediate

If can respond to simple questions/commands mark as delayed

370
Q

Radiological Dispersal Devices

A

any container that is designed to disperse radioactive material

require the use of a bomb (Dirty Bomb)

371
Q

3 types of motion

A

translation, rotation, combination

372
Q

Situational awareness

A

being aware of the situation at present and continually re-evaluating the situation for changes

373
Q

Cytotoxic Chemical Waste

  • color coding
  • labeling
A

red

Biohazard and Cytotoxic Symbols

374
Q

Anger

A

source of energy to get things done and solve problems

375
Q

syphilis

A

Common 20-35 yrs old

Direct contact with infectious fluid
Can be transmitted through mother to baby

gloves

376
Q

Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

A

MRSA – Bacterial infection that has developed resistance to antibiotics, presents with skin infections

VRE – Bacteria that normally in bowels now resistant to antibiotic

Direct contact

Special precautions should be taken by wearing gloves, gowns and complete surface sanitation following patient contact

377
Q

Tabun (GA)

A

g agent

approximately half as lethal as Sarin and 36 times more persistent; under the right conditions, it will remain for several days. It has a fruity smell and appearance similar to Sarin.

PRIMARY CARE PARAMEDIC 2021/22 (12 decks)

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