Embryonic transduction

Question 1

What increases the complexity of the cell?

Answer 1

Induction (as developmental mechanism)

Question 2

Group of cells that causes the changes

Answer 2

Inducers

Question 3

Cells that undergo the changes

Answer 3

Responders

Question 4

Diffusible molecules produced by the inducing cells

Answer 4

Paracrine factors

Question 5

What are the Paracrine signaling/ Growth sifferentiation factors (GDFs)

Answer 5

1. Fibroblast growth factors )
2. hedgehog faamily
3. Wingless Family (wnt)
4. TgFs B super family (Transformation growth factors)

Question 6

What are other ligand that can bind to notch

Answer 6

1. delta
2. serrate
3. Jagged

Question 7

what are the components of the extracellular matrix

Answer 7

1. Integrins
2. laminins
3. Fibronectins
4. SAMs
5. CAMs

Question 8

True or false: Inducing cells generally do not produce and secrete ligand

Answer 8

False. Inducing cells generally produce and secrete ligands.

Question 9

there is cell-to-cell signal

Answer 9

Juxtacrine

Question 10

Neural-determining Gene

Answer 10

Neuro D

• notch fragments gets translocated inside the nucleu –> transcribes the target gene (hes 5 gene) –> inhibits the activity of Mash 1 –> mash 1 blocks Neuro D –> blocked Neuro D __> no longer be neural determination or differentiation.

Question 11

organization of endothelial cells into tube-like structure

Answer 11

Angiogenesis

Question 12

Growth of new blood vessel from pre-existing tube like structure formed in angiogenesis

Answer 12

Vasculo genesis

Question 13

Which region secretes FGF8

Answer 13

Isthmus

Question 14

what does the engrailed 1&2 gene regulate?

Answer 14

Development of dorsal midbrain and formation of cerebellum

Question 15

wnt 1 gene assist the development of what

Answer 15

Cerebellum

Question 16

A family of gene which function is to establish particular tissue boundaries

Answer 16

Hedgehog

Question 17

Establish sensory regions

Answer 17

BMPs

Question 18

Which of the hedgehog family is involved in ventral patterning of neural

Answer 18

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)

Question 19

Establishes motor region

Answer 19

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)

Question 20

Control the dorsal pattern of the brain

Answer 20

BMP4 & 7

Question 21

competence factor of the dorsal ectoderm

Answer 21

Pax6 Protein

Question 22

Gene involved in regionalization of the prosencephalon

Answer 22

FOXG1

Question 23

Organizing cneter during brain development that secretes FGF8

Answer 23

ANR - ANterior neural ridge

Question 24

Induce the ventral somite - to form sclerotome and express PAX1 gene

Answer 24

SHH & Noggin

Question 25

Muscle specific gene

Answer 25

MYF5 - specific only for muscles

Question 26

Involved in embyonic skeletal and soft tissue development

Answer 26

BMPs

Question 27

Signaling pathway that is responsible for fetal bone formation

Answer 27

JAK/STAT

Question 28

What is the mechanism of extrinsic pathway in apoptosis

Answer 28

Degeneration of DNA - DISC

Question 29

Determine maximal transcription of a gene

Answer 29

Enhancer elements

Question 30

Genes that encodes for proteins that are necessary for the maintenance of embryonic cells or any cell in the body

Answer 30

Housekeeping genes

Question 31

What are the major steps in normal sex differentiation

Answer 31

- fertilization and determination of genetic sex - formation of organ common to both sexes Gonadal differentiation -differentiation of internal ducts and extrnal ganglia