embryonic development of cardiovascular system

Question 1

fetal cardiac development: the cardiogenic plate it formed by a collection of__ cells in the most anterior part of the embryo.
-The CVS is derived from the ____ tissue (mesenchymal cell) -aggregation of cells derived from mesoderm.

Answer 1

mesoderm cells

Angioblastic tissue

Question 2

this is a horseshaped tube and is first composed only of endothelial cells

Answer 2

endocardial heart tube

Question 3

The caudal portion fuses and becomes surrounded by myoblasts to form the myocardium formation of the ____ tube

Answer 3

cardiac tube

Question 4

this part of the fetal heart allows bypass of the pulmonary system from the right ventricle into the aorta

Answer 4

truncus arteriosus

Question 5

this part of the heart lies ventral from the primitive ventricle to give rise to both ventricles of the heart

Answer 5

bulbus cordis

Question 6

this is the hole that allows blood from the right atrium to flow into the left atrium during pulmonary development (pulmonary bypass)

Answer 6

foramen ovale

Question 7

This is a depression in the right atrium of the heart at the level of interatrial septum . This is what is the thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during development

Answer 7

fossa ovalis

Question 8

in early development the___ of the fetus are not developed., this causes a limited capacitance in the pulmonary vessels from the heart resulting in high resistance

Answer 8

lungs

Question 9

to accomadate the previous problem there is a direct connection between right and left____. in that the blood from the right flows directly into the left via the _____ _____ and bypasses the pulmoary circuation system
-This shunt allows for normal development of the left atrium and ventricle , training muscles for hard workload to come.

Answer 9

atrium!

FORAMEN OVALE

Question 10

There are small amounts of blood that flows through the right side, ootherwise there wouldnt be normal development in the right side. However after blood reaches the right ventricle the blood will go through the truncus pulmonalis to bypass into the aorta via the _____ ____

Answer 10

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

Question 11

the _____ ___ allows for the blood to bypass the liver

Answer 11

DUCTUS VENOSUS

Question 12

the blood in the fetus is highly ____ due to the oxygenated blood from the placenta and the ___ blood from the fetus, making the color __

Answer 12

oxygenated, deoxygenated, purple

Question 13

this is where the forament ovale is closed up in development
-formation of the primary septum serves as a valve for the foramen ovale
-there will be a first foramen that allows the initial passage of blood from the left to the right heart
- The foramen primum will close & be replaced by a second forament
-the formation of the 2nd septum prevents return of blood into the right atrium
-

Answer 13

process of atrial partioning

Question 14

After birth the first breath creates sudden decrease in vascular resistance to the ___ , allowing for closure of the ___ ____ to occur

Answer 14

lungs, foramen ovale

Question 15

• The bypass that allows the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary system by going into the aorta
• 2 ridges fuse together to form the aorti -pulmonar septum which stops the flow of ____ blood to the body and ___ blood to the lungs (this isnt compatible with life)

Answer 15

closure of the ductus arteriosus

deoxygenated to body and oxygenated to lungs

Question 16

congenital anomalies:

• This is the hole that allows the blood of the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary system during fetal development.
• This portion is supposed to close once the lungs have formed, deoxygenated blood will be circulated into the aorta to the organs and tissue

Answer 16

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 17

This congenital anomalies can lead to megaesophagus . and is when the aorta comes to the right of the esophagus

Answer 17

Persistant right aortic arch (PRAA)

Question 18

There are 7 types of vessels what are thet

Answer 18

elastic and muscular arteries , arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules, and lymphatics

Question 19

What are the three layers of vessels?

Answer 19

innermost layer:tunica intima(endothelium)
middle layer: tunica media
outer layer: tunica adventitia /externa

Question 20

This layer plays a role in homeostasis - arrests bleeding by physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation

• modulates perfusion through nitric oxide (vasodialation) and endothelium (vasoconstriction)
• plays a role in inflammation

Answer 20

tunica intima(endothelium)

Question 21

Morphology of arteries : this layer is composed of endothelium and subendothelial layer, internal elastic lamina is seen here

Answer 21

tunica intima

Question 22

smooth muscle producing elastic , reticular and collagenous fibers is seen in this layer of the arteries

Answer 22

tunica media

Question 23

This layer of the arteries is composed of loose CT, blood vessels , lymphatics and nerves

Answer 23

tunica adventitia

Question 24

morphology of veins: in this layer THERE IS NO DISTINCT INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA , there is a subendothelial layer and endothelium

Answer 24

tunica intima

Question 25

in this layer of veins there is loose CT with few nerve fibers . in large veins vasa vasorum penetrate the tunica media
-valves are also noticed projecting into the lumen of the tunica intima

Answer 25

tunica adventitia

Question 26

this layer of veins is muscular but thinner than the arteries . smooth muscle fibers have an irregular oreintaion , approximately circular

Answer 26

tunica media of veins

Question 27

morphology of elastic artery : this layer has endothelium and loose CT

Answer 27

tunica intima

Question 28

elastic artery: contains vasa vasorum to assist in supplying nutritional needs to thick tunica media

Answer 28

tunica adventitia

Question 29

elastic artery: this layer consists largely of repeating elastic lamellae

Answer 29

tunica media

Question 30

muscular artery: this layer is primary smooth muscle and is the thickest tunic

Answer 30

tunica media

Question 31

vascular smooth muscle cells: smooth muscle cells are circumferentially arranged within the tunica___
-regulates diameter and tone(vasodialation and vaso constriction_

Answer 31

tunica media

Question 32

These vessels have 1-3 layers of smooth muscle

• greatest effect of blood pressure
• nuclei buldge into lumen
• round appearance of vessel
• no internal elastic membrane

Answer 32

morphology of arterioles

Question 33

these are thin walled tubules , in cross section they are made of only one endoithelial cell rolled into the tube

Answer 33

capillaries

Question 34

these are very “leaky” vessels
have NO SMOOTH MUSCLE
called the postcapillary venules

Answer 34

venules

Question 35

what are the 3 different capillaries?

Answer 35

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal/discontinuous

Question 36

These types of capillaries are found in muscle, ___, bone and lungs
-contain pinocytotic vesicles (mesenchymal contractile cells that wrap around capillaries and venules and communicate with endothelial cells by physical contact and paracrine signaling)

Answer 36

brain- Theses are continuous capillaries

Question 37

these capillaries are found in tissues with substantial fluid exchange- ex. renal corpuscle (glomerulus)-responsible for filtration of plasma
- podocytes are found in these capillaries!- cells responsible for lining the blood vessel , creating gaps that are big enough for small molecules and water to pass through , the proteins stay behind.

Answer 37

fenestrated capillaries

Question 38

these capillaries have hepatic and splenic sinusoids which allow large molecules to exit.

• The lumen is enlarged and regular
• lining endothelium is discontinuous and fenestrated
• basal lamina may be absent

Answer 38

discontinuous or sinusoidal capillaries