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Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

First trimester

A

Embryonic period

Weeks 1-8

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2
Q

Second Trimester

A

Fetal period

Weeks 9-birth

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3
Q

Fertilization Calendar

A

Ovulatory calendar, starts once the egg and the sperm meet (fertilization is initiated

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4
Q

Obstetrical calendar

A

Gestational calendar, menstrual calendar

Clinical calendar used, starts at the first day of the females LMP,

  • 2 weeks longer than menstrual calendar
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5
Q

Corona radiata

A

Cells from ovary (maternal)

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6
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Acellular glycoprotein mesh work surrounding egg

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Haploid cell, 23 chromosomes including (XX)

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Cell membrane of egg cell

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9
Q

Pervitelline space

A

Between zona pellucida and the cell membrane of the egg

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10
Q

Acrosome

A

Covers anterior 2/3 of head, contains enzymes to help sperm erode cell layers surrounding egg

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11
Q

Anatomy of Human sperm

A

Head
Neck
Tail

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12
Q

Tail

A

Middle piece
Principle Piece
End Piece

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13
Q

Middle piece

A

Contains mitochondria for motility

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14
Q

Fertilization

A

Day 0

Occurs in fallopian tube, specifically the ampula

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15
Q

Week 1

A 
Day 0-7
Fertilization
Formation of zygote
Formation of blastocyst
Implantation into the uterine wall

** Formation of inner cell mass

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16
Q

Ampula

A

Distal 2/3 of fallopian tube where egg and sperm first meet

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17
Q

Capacitation

A

Glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from plasma membrane of sperm

  • occurs in uterus and uterine tubes
  • takes approximately 7 Hours to complete
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18
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Follows capacitation, sperm is ready to move through layers

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19
Q

Hydraluronidase

A

Enable passage of sperm through corona radiata

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20
Q

Penetration of Zona pellucida

A
  • Esterases, acrosine, and neuraminidase are secreted to help break through Zona pellucida
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21
Q

Zona reaction

A

Once one sperm makes it in, no others can come in

  • block to polyspermy
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22
Q

Plasma membrane fusion

A

Of oocyte and sperm, head an tail of sperm enter oocyte cytoplasm, Mitochondria do NOT

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23
Q

Completion of second meiotic division

A
  • formation of male pronucleus

* fusion of male and female pronuclei -> zygote

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24
Q

Results of fertilization

A
  • completion of 2nd meiotic division
  • restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
  • determination of chromosomal sex of embryo
  • metabolic activation of oocyte
  • initiation of cleavage
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25
Blastomeres
Cells once embryo is beginning to divide
26
Cleavage
Increase in cell number, decrease in cell size, as size is regulated by zona pellucida - starts ~30 hours after fertilization * Embryo size is unchanged Morula is developed
27
Morula
16-32 cells, formed at ~ 3 days, enters uterus at ~ day 4
28
Early blastocyst
Zona pellucida degenerating Pluripotent cells formed, (stem cells)
29
Late blastocyst
Zona pelucida gone, embryo is one cell layer, and inner cell mass (stem cell)
30
Trophoblasts
Stem cells of the placenta Differentiates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
31
Embryonic stem cells
* derived from the inner cell mass * Pluripotent- form virtually any cell or tissue type * therapeutic cloning and somatic nuclear transfer
32
Day 6
Implantation of trophoblast
33
Early pregnancy factor
Occurs 2 days after fertilization to suppress immune system so that fertilized cells are not destroyed
34
Cytotrophoblast
- stem cell layer - mitotically active (continue to divide and make cells) Differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast
35
Syncytiotrophoblast
- Proteolytic enzymes for implantation, chorionic gonadotropin - Responsible for implantation and initial signal of pregnancy No cell membrane, multinucleated, erode into uterine wall
36
Hydatidiform mole
Abnormal trophoblast proliferation, excessive amounts of hCG produced - only have paternal DNA Forms complete or partial mole * vaginal bleeding * pelvic pressure or pain * enlarged uterus * hyperemesis gravidarum
37
Complete mole
- fertilization of an empty oocyte followed by duplication of sperm - fertilization of empty oocyte by two sperm
38
Partial mole
Fertilization of normal oocyte by two sperm
39
Choriocarcinomas
Malignant tumor which develops from hydatidiform mole Can metastasize to lungs, bone, vagina, brain, liver, or intestines
40
Critical period
Weeks 3-8, if mom is exposed to environmental chemicals/factors the embryo is very susceptible to being affected and having mutations
41
Week 2
Bilamminar disc is formed (embryo has 2 cell types and 2 cell layers) - Epiblast - Hypoblast
42
Epiblast
* Ectoderm * Amnion * Amniotic cavity
43
Ectoderm
Skin, hair, nails, CNS
44
Hypoblast
Never actually gets incorporated into the embryo (extra embryonic) - signaling - placeholder * gives rise to endoderm
45
Endoderm
- prechordal plate - primary and secondary yolk sac - Extraembryonic mesoderm
46
Prechordal plate
Indicates location of mouth
47
Primary Yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)
Initial formed
48
Secondary yolk sac
Formed when part of primary yolk sac pinches off - area where first RBC's are formed (in the lining of the yolk sac)
49
Extraembryonic mesoderm
From endoderm that came from hypoblast - coelom - somatic - splanchnic
50
Extraembryonic Coelom
Hollow cavity outside of the embryo
51
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Lining the trophoblast and covering the amnion
52
Extraembryonic Splanchnic mesoderm
Lining the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)
53
Connecting stalk
Umbilical cord, derivative of estraembryonic Somatic mesoderm * forms at embryonic pole * position changes during development
54
Primitive blood
- extrembryonic splanchnic mesoderm | - forms in wall of yolk sac
55
Chorion
- extraembryonic somatic mesoderm - cytotrophoblast - synciotrophoblast
56
Placenta previa
Embryo implants too close to the cervix * vaginal bleeding beyond 20 weeks gestation
57
Internal os
Internal opening of the cervix
58
Week 3
Galstrulation * Formation of 3 cell layers CRITICAL time CNS, heart, circulatory system form
59
Gastrulation
Formation of 3 primary germ layers - Ectoderm - Mesoderm - Endoderm * primitive streak is formed in epiblast
60
Ectoderm
Skin, hair, nails, brain, and spinal cord
61
Mesoderm
Muscle, bone, blood, heart, connective tissue Structure and support of the body
62
Endoderm
From epiblast, replace hypoblast Forms lungs, digestive system, bladder
63
Primitive streak
- primitive knot/node - primitive groove - primitive pit Forms in caudal (back) portion of epiblast
64
Oropharyngeal membrane
From prechordal plate Develops into mouth Made from ectoderm and endoderm
65
Cloacal membrane
Forms into anus, urethra, vagina Made of endoderm and ectoderm
66
Cardiogenic area
Heart forms above the head in the embryo
67
Spetum transversum
Diaphragm, forms above head
68
Teratoma
- possible remnant of primitive streak | - possible abnormal migration of germ cells into inappropriate location
69
Notochord
- extends from primitive node (knot) anterior to prechordal plate - ** template for vertebral column - ** induces formation of neural plate and eventuallly CNS ** midline
70
Chormdomas
Cancer of the bone - aggressive, slow growing - ***** arise from remnants of notochord - occur in axial skeleton in spheno-occipital region of the skull and sacral regions
71
Mesoderm types
1. Paraxial 2. Intermediate 3. Lateral plate
72
Paraxial mesoderm
- somites
73
Somites
- muscle - skeleton (vertebral), axial - dermi
74
Myotome
Muscle
75
Sclerotome
Skeleton
76
Dermatome
Dermis
77
Intermediate
Urogenital
78
Urogenital
Kidneys | Gonads
79
Lateral plate
Connective tissue
80
Connective tissue
- blood - lymph - mesenteries - cardiovascular

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