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CDS 3500 unit 4 > embryonic development > Flashcards

embryonic development Flashcards

1
Q

gametogenesis

A
  • divide a haploid cell to divide our chromosomes
  • process of halving DNA material
  • turns a diploid cell into a haploid cell
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2
Q

gametogenesis

A
  • divide a haploid cell to divide our chromosomes
  • process of halving DNA material
  • turns a diploid cell into a haploid cell
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3
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • sperm haploid
  • call these gametes
  • from 46XY to 23Y or 23X
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4
Q

oogenesis

A
  • ova/egg haploid
  • call these female gametes
  • from 46XX to 23X
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5
Q

at the moment of conception =

A

fertilization –> zygote

  • sperm has to get through zona pellucida
  • ovum fertilized by spermatozoa and the nuclei of each gamete fuse - haploid gametes become diploid cells
  • sex is already determined
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6
Q

zygote

A

the first cell body

  • will undergo repeated divisions and specializations of cell tissue (morphogenesis)
  • point of fertilization through the first 7 days
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7
Q

morphogenesis

A
  • rapid proliferation and differentiation of diploid cells (mitosis)
  • divide, specialize and migrate to their location
  • occurs immediately and rapidly
  • 1 week to morph the zygote into a blastocyst
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8
Q

morphogenesis for the nervous system

A
  • neuronal differentiation and migration
  • axons need to sprout, grow and migrate
  • synaptic circuits need to form
  • dendritic connections need to solidify
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9
Q

cell differentiation

A
  • proteins influence genetic coding
  • cells begin to specialize
  • given coded differentiation
  • 3 basic cell types = ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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10
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated; capable of differentiating and dividing

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11
Q

cell migration

A
  • proteins influence genetic coding
  • cells begin to migrate given positional directives
  • cells migrate to various areas
  • cells cluster, thicken an area
  • neuroblasts also migrate, to “lead” neural cells
  • migration to the cerebral hemispheres is the longest and most demanding trip
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12
Q

week 1

A
  • zygote
  • we said that morphogenesis has 1 week to transform a fertilized ovum into a zygote
  • zygote= diploid cell.. the 1st cell of the body
  • zygote has one week to do these jobs and become a blastocyst
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13
Q

week 2

A

blastocyst

  • travel down fallopian tube and implant on uterine wall
  • morphogenesis has produced: inner cell mass for the embryo, inner fluid filled cavity, outer cell layer for the placenta, outer membrane (zone pellucida)
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14
Q

week 2

A

blastocyst

  • travel down fallopian tube and implant on uterine wall
  • morphogenesis has produced: inner cell mass for the embryo, inner fluid filled cavity, outer cell layer for the placenta, outer membrane (zone pellucida)
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15
Q

week 3

A

embryo = inner cell mass from our blastocyst

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16
Q

embryo jobs

A
  • flatten and fold
  • fold over on itself
  • form a disc
  • form a primitive streak
  • form a neural grove
  • cells migrate/line up and specialize
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17
Q

3 layers of the embryo

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
  • all three form a notochord
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18
Q

ectoderm

A

skin and nervous system

19
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle, cartilage, bone, blood vessels

20
Q

endoderm

A

digestive, respiratory linings

21
Q

ectoderm jobs

A

neural plate, neural grove, fold groove, makes a tube, close the tube
-if the tube doesn’t close, they can’t divide or form brain

22
Q

week 4 closed tube

A

closed tube has jobs

  • differentiate and migrate
  • produce ventricles and SCF
  • begin to form SC
23
Q

3 brain vesicles

A
  • prosencephalon = gives rise to cerebrum, lateral ventricles, thalamus, hypothalamus
  • mesencephalon = rise to midbrain
  • rhombencephalon= pons and medulla, cerebellum
24
Q

week 4 neural crest

A
  • forms the SC
  • meninges, grey matter (alar plate=sensory and basal plate= motor), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, many CN ganglia
25
Q

alar plate

A

sensory - dorsal

26
Q

basal plate

A

motor - ventral

27
Q

week 6

A

pharyngeal arches develop

28
Q

pharyngeal arches

A
  • 6
  • develop at cranial end
  • 5 do things we care about
  • contains muscles and cartilage
  • they need to meet at midline
  • they becomes gills in fish
  • in humans, form soft palate, mandible, facial musculatures, important arteries, CN input for voicing and mastication
29
Q

1st arch

A

mandibular arch

  • trigeminal nerve
  • artery= external carotid artery
  • muscles: for mastication, palatal musculature, mylohyoid, anterior belly dig
    tissue: tympanic membrane
  • bone: manidible, maxillae, malleus
30
Q

2nd arch

A

nerve: CN VII facial
muscles: all the muscles we need for facial expressions; stylohyoid, posterior bell digastric, stapedius muscles, palatine tonsils
- bone: stapes, uper hyoid

31
Q

3rd arch

A

nerve: CN IX glossopharyngeal
artery: common carotid and internal carotid
muscles: pharyngeal muscles
bone: hyoid bone (lower), common carotid, internal carotid

32
Q

4th arch

A

nerve: CN X vagus - superior
artery: aortic arch, subclavians
muscles: palatal muscles, cricothyroid, thyroid and epiglottic cartilage

33
Q

6th arch

A

nerve: CN X vagus recurrent
artery: pulmonary arteries
muscles: intrinsic muscles of the larynx

34
Q

6th arch

A

nerve: CN X vagus recurrent
artery: pulmonary arteries
muscles: intrinsic muscles of the larynx

35
Q

week 6 prosencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, 3rd ventricle, choroid plexus

36
Q

week 6 mesencephalon

A

midbrain (brainstem)

37
Q

week 6 rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon (pons, part of the 4th ventricle, cerebellum, cerebellar penduncles)
-myelencephalon (medulla, 4th ventricle, choroid plexus)

38
Q

week 9-10

A

SC further develops

**study slide 28

39
Q

weeks 13-16

A

telencephalon takes off (cortex, BG, olfactory)
olfactory lobes, BG, and cerebral hemispheres engage rapidly
-neuroblasts begin migrating in an inside-out pattern

40
Q

weeks 15-16

A

dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves meet; form full-fledged spinal nerves
-SC is about same length as vertebral column

41
Q

week 20

A

convolutions of cerebral hemispheres begin to appear

42
Q

week 24

A

gyri and sulci begin to appear

lateral sulcus-first to appear

43
Q

week 25+

A

cortex begins to stratify into layers (not complete until middle childhood)

44
Q

study disorders

A

starting on slide 39

CDS 3500 unit 4 (1 decks)

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