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Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

Theory that believed that miniature adults existed in eggs/sperm. Development is viewed as simple unfolding

A

Preformation Theory

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2
Q

Theory that believed development occurs through progressive assembly. Undifferentiated material forms layers

A

Epigenesis Theory

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3
Q

Performed ground breaking salamander experiments

A

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold

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4
Q

Salamander experiment discovery

A

Tissue transplants could induce organ development

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5
Q

The primary region organizer. It is the region of an embryo near the dorsal lip of the blastopore that is self differentiating and induces development of the neural plate and main body axis

A

Spemann Organizer

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6
Q

Definition of Fertilization

A

Union of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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7
Q

Two key functions of fertilization

A
  • Restores diploid chromosome number
  • Activates egg development
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8
Q

Sizes of germ cells

A

Egg Size: ~200x larger than somatic cells
Sperm Size: ~1/50th of somatic cells

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9
Q

How species-specific mechanism for fertilization works

A

Chemotactic factors guide sperm to eggs, and recognition proteins ensure same-species fertilization

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10
Q

Fast Block mechanism in preventing polyspermy

A

Electrical potential change in the egg membrane. Acts as a transient electrical barrier to prevent additional sperm from fusing with the membrane

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11
Q

Slow Block mechanism in preventing polyspermy

A

Enzyme rich cortical granules fuse with the membrane. This creates an osmotic gradient, causing water to rush into this space elevating the envelope and lifting away all sperm bound to it (Fertilization Membrane)

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12
Q

Post-fertilization changes in sperm

A
  • Flagellum loss
  • Nuclear envelope breakdown
  • Chromatin expansion
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13
Q

Post-fertilization events in egg activation

A
  • Increased DNA and protein
    synthesis
  • Removal of metabolic inhibitors
  • Cytoplasmic reorganization
  • Positioning of morphogenetic determinants
  • Distribution of transcription
    factors
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14
Q

Pole that contains mostly cytoplasm and little yolk

A

Animal Pole

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15
Q

Pole that is rich in yolk, and provides nutrition

A

Vegetal Pole

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16
Q

Type of yolk distribution that has little yolk and is evenly distributed

A

Isolecithal

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17
Q

Type of yolk distribution that has moderate amount of yolk at vegetal pole

A

Mesolecithal

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18
Q

Type of yolk distribution that has large amount of yolk at vegetal pole

A

Telolecithal

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19
Q

Type of yolk distribution that has a large central yolk mass

A

Centrolecithal

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20
Q

Cleavage which is complete and occurs in eggs with little yolk. Furrows extend completely through the egg

A

Holoblastic

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21
Q

Cleavage that is partial and occurs in eggs with heavy yolk. The cells form on top of undivided yolk

A

Meroblastic

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22
Q

Cleavage Furrow Patterns

A
  • Radial: Upper cells directly above lower cells
  • Spiral: Upper cells fit between lower cells
  • Discoidal: Cells form flat disc on yolk
  • Rotational: Unique to mammals
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23
Q

Cleavage unique to centrolecithal eggs

A

Superficial Cleavage: Multiple nuclear divisions without cytoplasmic division forming 256 nuclei that migrate to egg periphery

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24
Q

First stage in all multicellular animal development. Consists of a cluster of cells and is formed after cleavage subdivides zygote. the DNA content increases but the size remains the same

A

Blastula

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25
Central fluid filled cavity of the blastula
Blastocoel
26
Conversion of the spherical blastula into a 2-3 layered embryo
Invagination
27
Gut cavity formed in gastrulation
Archenteron
28
Two initial germ layers formed during gastrulation
Ectoderm and Endoderm
29
Gut formation type with a single opening (blastopore)
Blind/Incomplete Gut
30
Gut formation type with two openings. The archenteron extends through the animal and forms the endodermal tube inside the ectodermal tube
Complete Gut
31
Third germ layer formed between the ectoderm and endoderm, its origins are primarily from the endoderm
Mesoderm
32
Body cavity surrounded by mesoderm
Coelom
33
Type of coelom development where the mesoderm splits into blocks that form the coelom
Schizocoely
34
Type of coelom development where the mesoderm pinches off from the endoderm tissue
Enterocoely
35
Theory that proposes that the unequal distribution of cellular material during cell division leads to differences in the developmental capabilities of each cell
Roux Weismann Hypothesis
36
Experiment that showed that the cells of an embryo contained all genetic information of the original zygote
Driesch's Sea Urchin Experiment
37
Development determined by the unequal distribution of cytoplasmic factors
Cytoplasmic Specification
38
Key characteristics of Cytoplasmic Specification
- Uneven distribution of mRNAs and proteins - Morphogenetic components tethered to cytoskeleton - Results in mosaic development
39
Cell fate determined by positional information from neighboring cells
Conditional Specification
40
Key components of Conditional Specification
- Induction between cell populations - Cell-cell signaling - Growth and differentiating factors
41
Development in multinucleated cells
Syncytial Specification
42
Key features of Syncytial Specification
- Multiple nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm - Molecular diffusion within a single cell - Common in insect development
43
Key Model Organisms
- Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) - Caenorhabditis elegans (Earthworm) - Danio rerio (Zebrafish) - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - Gallus gallus (Red junglefowl) - Mus musculus (House mouse)
44
Three key body axes
- Anterior-posterior - Left-right - Dorsoventral
45
Diffusible molecules creating concentration gradients. They guide development through spatial information
Morphogens
46
Maternal genes in Drosophila
- Bicoid: Head development - Nanos: Abdominal development - Short gastrulation: Ventral structures
47
Important aspect of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis
Segmentation/Metamerism
48
Genes that are activated first and divide an embryo into regions such as the head, thorax, and abdomen
Gap Genes
49
Genes that divide regions into segments
Pair Rule Genes
50
Genes that organize the anterior to posterior structures within each segment
Segment Polarity Genes
51
Genes controlling segment specific development
Homeotic Genes
52
Genes that specify position along anterior-posterior axis. It has a clustered arrangement on chromosomes and the expression order matches body position
Hox Genes
53
Critical development genes shared across species
Toolkit Genes
54
Examples of toolkit genes
- Bicoid/Pitx2 - Hedgehog/Shh - Short gastrulation/Chordin
55
Acts as a morphogen that forms a gradient from the apical ectodermal ridge to the base of a limb bud. Determines digit formation
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
56
Gene that makes the dorsal side of the wing or foot different from the ventral side
Wnt7a
57
First opening (blastopore) becomes the mouth
Protostomes
58
Protostomes characteristics
- Spiral cleavage pattern - Mosaic development - Blastopore becomes mouth - Schizocoelous coelom formation
59
First opening (blastopore) becomes the anus
Deuterostomes
60
Deuterostome characteristics
- Radial cleavage pattern - Regulative development - Blastopore becomes anus - Enterocoelous coelom formation
61
Variations in deuterostome development
- Mammals: Rotational cleavage - Birds/reptiles: Discoidal cleavage - Ascidians: Bilateral cleavage
62
Four extraembryonic features of the amniotic egg
- Amnion: Fluid filled protective sac for embryo - Yolk Sac: Nutrient storage in fish reptiles, blood cell formation in mammals - Allantois: Waste storage and respiratory exchange - Chorion: Outer protective layer, aids in gas exchange
63
Functions as provisional lung, it is formed from the fusion of allantois and chorion. Essential adaptation for terrestrial egg development
Chorioallantoic Membrane
64
Most advanced reproductive strategy of mammals where it features complete internal development. Represents of 94% of all mammals
Placental Mammals
65
Blastocyst Implantation process
- Trophoblast cell proliferation - Enzymatic digestion of uterine lining - Formation of chorionic villi - Complete embedding by day 11-12
66
The Developmental Periods
- Germinal Period - Embryonic Period - Fetal Period

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