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Human anatomy and embryology > Embryology weeks 1-4 > Flashcards

Embryology weeks 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-embryonic period

A

Period during which implantation occurs

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2
Q

Embryonic period

A

Period during which major organ systems are formed

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3
Q

Fetal period

A

Period characterized by growth

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4
Q

When is the pre-embryonic period?

A

Weeks 1-2

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5
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Weeks 3-8

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6
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

Weeks 9-38

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7
Q

When is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?

A

Embryonic period

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8
Q

When is embryo not sensitive to teratogens?

A

Pre-embryonic period

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9
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

Ampulla (neck) of uterine tube

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10
Q

What must the sperm penetrate to fertilize the oocyte?

A

Zona pellucida

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11
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Sperm and egg

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12
Q

Rapid mitotic cell division without increasing in size

A

cleavage

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13
Q

How long for an egg to travel the length of the uterine tube?

A

5 days

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14
Q

Layer of cells surrounding the oocyte

A

Corona radiata

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15
Q

First phase of fertilization

A

Sperm penetrates corona radiata

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16
Q

Second phase of fertilization

A

Sperm penetrates zona pellucida

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17
Q

Glycoprotein coat that facilitates binding of sperm

A

Zona pellucida

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18
Q

Which layer blocks fertilization by multiple sperm?

A

Zona pellucida

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19
Q

Third phase of fertilization

A

Germ cell membranes fuse, triggering completion of meiosis by the ovum

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20
Q

How many cells must be present for the developing embryo to be a morula?

A

16

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21
Q

Two groups that morula separates it cells into

A

Trophoblast cells (outer layer of cavity) and embryoblast (inner cells)

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22
Q

Embryo with a hole in the middle

A

Blastocyst

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23
Q

What allows blastocyst to implant on uterine lining?

A

Enzymatic degradation of the zona pellucida

24
Q

Two layers that the embryoblast differentiates into

A

epiblast and hypoblast

25
Q

Two layers of the trophoblast

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

26
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

contains actively dividing cells

27
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

layer that invades maternal capillaries

28
Q

hormone produced by syncytiotrophoblasts

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

29
Q

Structure epiblast cells surround

A

amniotic cavity

30
Q

Structure hypoblast cells surround

A

yolk sac

31
Q

What does embryo exist as at the end of week 2?

A

Bilaminar (two layered) disc

32
Q

Which cell type (epi or hypoblast) becomes dorsal?

A

Epiblast

33
Q

Process of forming three embryonic germ layers and body axes of embryo

A

gastrulation

34
Q

Groove at caudal end of epiblast that establishes 3 axes of embryo

A

primitive streak

35
Q

Raised area at the cranial end of the streak

A

Primitive node

36
Q

Germ layer created between the epiblast and hypoblast

A

Mesoderm

37
Q

Germ layer created by migrating epiblast cells replacing hypoblast

A

Endoderm

38
Q

Germ layer created by cells remaining at the epiblast

A

Ectoderm

39
Q

Structure that induces development of the nervous system and parts of vertebral column

A

Notochord

40
Q

One site of epiblast and hypoblast juncture (future mouth)

A

oropharyngeal membrane

41
Q

One site of epiblast and hypoblast juncture (future anus)

A

Cloacal membrane

42
Q

In neurulation what does notochord induces overlying ectoderm to become?

A

Neural plate

43
Q

What does the neural plate close off to become?

A

Neural tube

44
Q

Where does the neural tube first fuse?

A

The midregion of the embryo

45
Q

Structures from the surface ectoderm (2)

A

epidermis of skin and glands

46
Q

Structures from the neural tube (2)

A

brain and spinal cord

47
Q

Structures from the neural crest cells (2)

A

Peripheral nervous system and bones of the face

48
Q

Three columns of mesoderm from medial to lateral

A

paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoder, and lateral plate

49
Q

Two layers the lateral plate separates into

A

Visceral and somatic layer

50
Q

Cells that blood cells develop from

A

hemangioblasts

51
Q

What are the four places hemangioblasts arise from youngest to oldest

A

Yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow

52
Q

What causes longitudinal folding?

A

Rapid growth of brain

53
Q

What does the yolk sac eventually become?

A

The GI tract/gut tube

54
Q

three regions of the gut tube

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

55
Q

Which column of mesoderm differentiates into somites?

A

Paraxial

56
Q

Which column of mesoderm forms urogenital system?

A

Intermediate

57
Q

Which column of mesoderm forms limb bones, heart, and blood vessels?

A

Lateral

Human anatomy and embryology (2 decks)

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