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ENDO exam 2 > embryology pelvis (funk) > Flashcards

embryology pelvis (funk) Flashcards

1
Q

what mesoderm forms the reproductive hormones

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

paramesonephric duct forms what

A

fmeale internal repro organs

this degenerates in the male b/c of AMH

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3
Q

mesoneprhic duct forms what

A

male internal repro organs

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4
Q

genital ridge forms what

A

gonad

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5
Q

what is the importance of primordial germ cells

A

migrate to the genital ridges by week 4-6 and if they dont migrate no gonads form

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6
Q

what does TDF do

A

its producted from SRY transcription factor

induces the indifferent gonad to form the testes

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7
Q

when do the testes secrete testosteron

A

week 8

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8
Q

what does the medulla of the primitive gonad form

A

testes

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9
Q

what does the cortex of the primitive gonad form

A

tunica albuginea

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10
Q

what controls descent of testes

A

testosterone

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11
Q

what is the gubernaculum

A

thick ligament that attaches the caudal pole of the testes to the anteiror body wall

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12
Q

processus vaginalis

A

evaginagtion of peritoneum

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13
Q

what does the tunica vaginalis come form

A

processus vaginalis

forms a cavity around the testes

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14
Q

what are the layers starting from INSIDE the testes to the outside

A 
tunica albuginae 
visceral tunica vaginalis
parietal tunica vaginalis
internal spermatic fascia (aka transversalis fascia) 
cremastor muscle  (internal abdominal oblique) 
external spermatic fascia 
Colle's (scarpa's) 
Dartos
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15
Q

what duct system does testosterone act on

A

wolfian duct (mesonephric) to differentiate into male genital ducts and glands (ductus deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles)

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16
Q

what does the urethra give rise to

A

prostate and bulbourethral glands

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17
Q

what is the prostatic utricle

A

a small portion of the paramesonephric duct that regressed

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18
Q

when are the external genitalia fully developed

A

12 week

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19
Q

what are cloacal folds

A

divides into anal and urethral folds whicheventually form anus and shaft, root of penis and penile urethra

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20
Q

what does the genital tubercle form in males

A

glans penis

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21
Q

what do labioscrotal swellings form

A

scrotum

fuse midline

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22
Q

hypospadias

A

caused by incomplete fusion of the urethral groove on ventral surface of penis

too low testosterone can cause this

23
Q

epispadias

A

urethral opening on dorsum of penis
often occurs with exstrophy of the bladder

doesn’t depend on testosterone

thought to be due to urethral plate developing more dorsally than normal

24
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid around scrotum cause by excessive serous fluid within tunica vaginalis

25
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of testes to descend into scrotum

testosterone dependent

infertility can ensue b/c too hot!!

increased chanced of cancer

26
Q

in the absence of TDF what occurs

A

female indifferent gonad forms and the sex cords in the medulla degenerate

a second generation of cortical sex cords form from the epithelium and these will form the follicular cells around the oogonia

internal and external female genitalia form in the absence of hormonal input

27
Q

what portion of the primitive gonad forms the ovary

A

cortex

medulla regresses

28
Q

what does the gubernaculum form in the female

A

will form the ovarian ligament and round ligament

29
Q

is there a processus vaginalis in females

A

yes but very small and obliterates before birth

30
Q

what does the cranial end of the paramesonephric duct form

A

uterine tube not fused (probably infundibulum area)

31
Q

what does the caudal fused portion of the paramesonephric duct form (3)

A

uterus, cervix and superior vagina

32
Q

what forms the inferior vagina

A

the vaginal plate (sinovaginal bulb)

33
Q

when does the vaginal plate canalize

A

5th month

34
Q

what does the urethral endoderm form

A

greater vestibular and skene’s glands

35
Q

what does the gential tubercle form in females

A

clitoris

36
Q

what do the urethral folds form in adult female

A

labia minora

erectile tissue–> bulbs of vestibule and crus of clitoris

urethral groove remains unfused and will form the vestibule

37
Q

what do the labioscrotal swellings form

A

labia majora

38
Q

what is the cause of most congenital anomalies of the female reproductive tract

A

incomplete fusion of the two paramesonephric ducts

39
Q

uterus arcuatus

A

very slight lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

40
Q

double uterus with double vagina (uterus didelphys)

A

complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts and formation of two sinovaginal bulbs

41
Q

uterus bicornis

A

partial lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

42
Q

uterus unicornis

A

complete agenesis of one paramesonephric ducts

43
Q

uterus bicornis unicollis

A

caudal portion of 1 paramesonephric duct fails to form

44
Q

vaginal and cervical atresia

A

atresia of the sinovaginal bulbs or from a failure of canalization

45
Q

what is the epoophoron

A

remnant of mesonephric tubule

can become cystic

46
Q

what is hthe paroophoron

A

remnant of tubules and ducts (mesonephric)

can become cystic

47
Q

what is gartner’s duct

A

remnant of caudal mesonephric duct

can become cystic

48
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

47 XXY male

nondisjuntion

testes form but are infertile (aspermatogenesis) due to low testosterone levels

impaired sexual maturation

gynecomastia (moobs)

49
Q

Turner syndrome

A

45 XO (missing X)

nondisjunction cause

gonadal dysgenesis streak gonads (no gonads)
b/c ovaries are not required for internal and external genitalia formation female external and internal genitatlia (not ovaries) are normal

lack of secondary sex traits at puberty (no ovaries and no estrogen)

short stature, broad chest, short neck
lymphedema of hands and feet , amenorrhea

very similar to swyer

50
Q

swyer syndrome

A

46 XY
cause–> point mutation of SRY gene resulting in defective TDF (y chromosome is not funcitonal)

presents very similar to turner
gonadal dysgenesis, streak gonads, can become cancerous

female external and internal genitalie (except for ovaries)
amenorrhea

no ovaries

51
Q

hermaphroditism

A

male and female gonadal tissue

ovotestes - ovarian and testis tissue found in same gonad

most have 46 XX genotype

cause is most likely translocation of a portion of Y (containing SRY gene) onto X chromosome during meiosis

ambiguous external genitalia

52
Q

female hermaphroditism

A

46 XX
cause –> congenital adrenal hyperplasia
excessive production of androgens

ovaries form (due to absence of TDF)

internal reproductive orangs usually females

masculinization of external genitalia (due to timing of increased androgens from adrenal gland)
enlarged clitoris

53
Q

male pseudohermaphroditisim

A

46 XY

testes form normally (normal SRY gene and TDF)

cause –> insufficient androgen production and AMH from testes (hypogonadism)

External and internal genitalia female (due to absence of testosterone and AMH)

typically grow up male

54
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

46 XY

testes form due to normal funcitoning Y chromosome

AMH and testosterone production is normal

cause is a lack of androgen receptors expression on reproductive tissues (not responsive to testosterone)

there is no mesonephric duct –> b/c it degenerates due to testosterone insensitivity

paramesonephric duct degenerates also due to presence of AMH so no female internal viscera

female external genitalie b/c these form in the absence of hormonal input

vagina is short and blind ending (no uterus)

have breast tissue b/c there is still aromatase in the periphery converting testosterone into estrogens

ENDO exam 2 (4 decks)

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